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. 2019 Mar 8;9:4012. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40301-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dynamics of wax moth larvae mortality after the oral administration of midgut bacteria (10⁸ cells/3 g of food) and topical infection with the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb) (4 × 10⁶ conidia/ml). Data are pooled from three experiments. Total n = 73 larvae for control, 177 larvae for Bb, 140 larvae for E. faecalis, 137 larvae for Enterobacter sp., 135 larvae for S. marcescens, 155 larvae for Bb + E. faecalis, 172 larvae for Bb + Enterobacter sp. and 178 larvae for Bb + S. marcescens. Different letters show significant differences in mortality dynamics between treatments (log-rank test, χ² > 55.1, P < 0.0001). *synergy between fungi and bacteria, calculated as described by Robertson & Preisler⁷⁸ (Appendix B, Table S1).