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. 2019 Mar 8;9:3927. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40406-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Group 2: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a 60-year-old male first presented in 2013. Fundus color photography shows subretinal hemorrhage and turbid exudation (A). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) horizontal section shows retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) disruption, hemorrhage, subretinal exudation, cystoid macula edema and pachychoroid (B). Fluorescein angiography shows intense hyperfluorescence with leakage suspicious for a classic CNV, along with focal punctate hyperfluorecsence in the superior temporal arcade. (C). Indocyanine green angiography shows mild choroidal hyperpermeability and neovascular structure (D). CNV was treated with five intravitreal ranibizumab injections. After treatment, fundus color photography shows inactive CNV membrane (E). OCT scan shows significant improvement without subretinal exudation except RPE disruption (F). The vision has been improved to 20/25 without further treatment and the patient has been in remission state for a 6-year follow-up period without a recurrence.