Figure 1.

Effect of environmental change on the probability density function (PDF) of (a) trait z and (b) condition c. In (a), the yellow Gaussian curve represents the relationship between trait value and condition, and PDFs for z are given for three levels of environmental change: Δ_{E =} |μ_z − z₀| = 0 (blue curve), Δ_E = 2 (purple curve) and Δ_E = 4 (pink curve). In (b), the PDFs for condition c resulting from mapping the three trait distributions in (a) to condition are shown. (Online version in colour.)