Table 2.
Frequencies and univariable analysis of the independent variables during the antenatal and postnatal periods
| Variable (n = responses to each question) | Level of impaired maternal bonding n (%) | Impaired maternal bonding | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderate | High | ||||
| Low | Moderate | High | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| 1–1. Mother’s age (Years) (n = 1040) | |||||
| < 24 | 146 (87.95) | 17 (10.24) | 3 (1.81) | 0.97 (0.54–1.76) | 0.65 (0.18–2.38) |
| 25–30 | 350 (86.85) | 42 (10.42) | 11 (2.73) | Reference | Reference |
| 31–34 | 222 (86.05) | 23 (8.91) | 13 (5.04) | 0.86 (0.51–1.48) | 1.86 (0.82–4.23) |
| > 35 | 176 (82.63) | 30 (14.08) | 7 (3.29) | 1.42 (0.86–2.35) | 1.27 (0.48–3.32) |
| 1–2. Parity (n = 1020) | |||||
| Multipara | 531 (89.24) | 51 (8.57) | 13 (2.18) | Reference | Reference |
| Primipara | 345 (81.18) | 59 (13.88) | 21 (4.94) | 1.78 (1.20–2.65)* | 2.49 (1.23–5.03)* |
| 1–3. Maternal feeling about pregnancy (n = 999) | |||||
| Delighted | 624 (87.76) | 70 (9.85) | 17 (2.39) | Reference | Reference |
| Negative feeling (Unintended/Worried) | 234 (81.25) | 38 (13.19) | 16 (5.56) | 1.45 (0.95–2.21)+ | 2.51 (1.25–5.05)* |
| 1–4. Maternal stress symptoms (n = 1036) | |||||
| No | 851 (86.04) | 110 (11.12) | 28 (2.81) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 39 (82.98) | 2 (4.26) | 6 (12.77) | 0.40 (0.09–1.67) | 4.68 (1.83–11.95)* |
| 1–5. Perceived maternal mental illness before pregnancy (n = 1038) | |||||
| No | 860 (86.26) | 108 (10.83) | 29 (2.91) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 32 (78.05) | 4 (9.76) | 5 (12.20) | 1.00 (0.35–2.87) | 4.63 (1.68–12.76)* |
| 2–1. Infant Sex (n = 1042) | |||||
| Boy | 474 (86.18) | 57 (10.36) | 19 (3.45) | Reference | Reference |
| Girl | 422 (85.77) | 55 (11.18) | 15 (3.05) | 1.08 (0.73–1.61) | 0.89 (0.45–1.77) |
| 2–2. Birth weight (n = 1042) | |||||
| ≥ 2500 g | 835 (86.26) | 104 (10.74) | 29 (3.00) | Reference | Reference |
| < 2500 g | 61 (82.43) | 8 (10.81) | 5 (6.76) | 1.05 (0.49–2.26) | 2.36 (0.88–6.31)+ |
| 3–1.Postpartum depression (n = 1039) | |||||
| No | 848 (87.24) | 104 (10.70) | 20 (2.06) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 44 (65.67) | 8 (11.94) | 15 (22.39) | 1.48 (0.68–3.24) | 14.46 (6.93–30.14)*** |
| 4–1. The type of birth (n = 1053) | |||||
| Vaginal delivery | 653 (86.38) | 81 (10.71) | 22 (2.91) | Reference | Reference |
| Cesarean section | 187 (84.23) | 25 (11.26) | 10 (4.50) | 1.08 (0.67–1.74) | 1.59 (0.74–3.41) |
| Assisted delivery | 62 (82.67) | 10 (13.33) | 3 (4.00) | 1.30 (0.64–2.64) | 1.44 (0.42–4.93) |
| 4–2. Feeding style (n = 1055) | |||||
| Only Breast feeding | 587 (87.48) | 68 (10.13) | 16 (2.38) | Reference | Reference |
| Only Bottle feeding | 122 (81.88) | 21 (14.09) | 6 (4.03) | 1.49 (0.88–2.52) | 1.80 (0.69–4.70) |
| Breast and bottle feeding | 196 (83.40) | 26 (11.06) | 13 (5.53) | 1.15 (0.71–1.85) | 2.43 (1.15–5.15)* |
| 4–3. Maternal health condition (n = 1056) | |||||
| Reported no problems | 858 (85.71) | 112 (11.19) | 31 (3.10) | Reference | Reference |
| Reported problems | 47 (85.45) | 4 (7.27) | 4 (7.27) | 0.65 (0.23–1.84) | 2.36 (0.80–6.95) |
| 4–4. Employment status (n = 1059) | |||||
| Employed | 482 (86.54) | 56 (10.05) | 19 (3.41) | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 426 (84.86) | 60 (11.95) | 16 (3.19) | 0.95 (0.48–1.88) | 1.21 (0.82–1.79) |
| 4–5. Gestational age (n = 1059) | |||||
| ≥ 37 weeks | 876 (85.97) | 111 (10.89) | 32 (3.14) | Reference | Reference |
| < 37 weeks | 32 (80.00) | 5 (12.50) | 3 (7.50) | 1.23 (0.47–3.23) | 2.57 (0.75–8.82) |
*** < 0.0001, ** < 0.001, * < 0.05, + < 0.10
NA Not applicable