Table 3.

Multivariate analysis with significant risk factors for impaired maternal bonding in univariable analysis, without adjusted depression and adjusted with depression

Variable	Multivariate analysis1) without adjusted depression	Multivariate analysis1) adjusted with depression
	Moderate	High	Moderate	High
	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)	OR (95%CI)
1–2. Parity
Multipara	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Primipara	1.83 (1.22–2.76)*	2.47 (1.19–5.13)*	1.85 (1.22–2.81)*	1.97 (0.92–4.23)
1–3. Maternal feeling about pregnancy
Delighted	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Negative feeling (Unintended/worried)	1.53 (0.99–2.35)	2.40 (1.17–4.96)*	1.46 (0.94–2.28)	2.16 (1.02–4.56)*
1–4. Maternal stress symptoms
No	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	0.36 (0.08–1.56)	2.58 (0.86–7.73)	0.22 (0.03–1.65)	1.85 (0.57–5.98)
1–5. Perceived maternal mental illness pregnancy before
No	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Yes	0.90 (0.26–3.13)	2.71 (0.82–8.92)	0.35 (0.05–2.68)	2.13 (0.59–7.71)
2–1. Infant Sex
Boy	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Girl	1.06 (0.71–1.59)	0.89 (0.44–1.84)	1.09 (0.72–1.65)	0.83 (0.39–1.77)
2–2. Birth weight
≥ 2500 g	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
< 2500 g	1.06 (0.49–2.32)	1.96 (0.70–5.51)	0.99 (0.44–2.27)	1.95 (0.67–5.68)
3–1. Postpartum depression
No			Reference	Reference
Yes			1.07 (0.43–2.65)	7.85 (3.44–17.90)***
4–2. Feeding style
Only Breast feeding	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Only Bottle feeding	1.34 (0.76–2.37)	1.13 (0.39–3.28)	1.21 (0.67–2.20)	0.98 (0.33–2.95)
Breast and bottle feeding	1.18 (0.72–1.94)	2.14 (0.97–4.71)	1.09 (0.65–1.82)	1.72 (0.75–3.94)

1) The multivariate analysis comprises variables that were shown to be significantly associated with impaired maternal bonding in the univariable analysis

*** < 0.0001, ** < 0.001, * < 0.05, + < 0.10