Figure 1.

A schematic phylogenetic tree of arthropods on which presence/absence of humoral immunity-related genes is mapped. Black and white squares indicate the presence and absence of humoral immunity-related genes, respectively. There is a grey square that indicates uncertainty (see text for details). The phylogeny was drawn on the basis of Misof et al. [23], Kolokotronis et al. [24], Sharma et al. [25] and Palmer & Jiggins [20]. Presence/absence of the genes were based on Mesquita et al. [15] for R. prolixus, Benoit et al. [16] and Zumaya-Estrada et al. [17] for C. lectularius, Bao et al. [18] for N. lugens, Shao et al. [26] for E. vitis, Gerardo et al. [14] for A. pisum, Zhang et al. [27] for B. tabaci, Arp et al. [28] for D. citri, Sackton et al. [9] for D. melanogaster, Tanaka et al. [11] for B. mori, Evans et al. [12] for A. mellifera, Zou et al. [13] for T. castaneum, McTaggart et al. [19] for D. pulex, Palmer & Jiggins [20] for S. maritima, P. tepidariorum and M. occidentalis, Cao et al. [21] for M. martensii, Grbíc et al. [29] for T. urticae and Smith & Pal [22] for I. scapularis. Squares with asterisks indicate the results of this study (see Results and discussion). (Online version in colour.)