Table 2.
Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for total hip replacement in TCM users and covariates in NONFH patients.
| Variable | Total hip replacement | Crude∗ | Adjusted† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| no. (n=259) | HR | (95% CI) | p-value | HR | (95% CI) | p-value | |
| TCM use | |||||||
| No | 151 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference | ||
| Yes | 108 | 0.59 | (0.46–0.76) | <.0001 | 0.60 | (0.46–0.77) | <.0001 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 75 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference | ||
| Male | 184 | 0.86 | (0.66–1.13) | 0.2785 | 0.56 | (0.42–0.75) | <.0001 |
| Age group | |||||||
| 18–29 | 13 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference | ||
| 30–59 | 191 | 1.46 | (0.83–2.56) | 0.1866 | 1.31 | (0.73–2.35) | 0.3739 |
| ≥60 | 55 | 1.01 | (0.55–1.84) | 0.9822 | 1.05 | (0.55–2.02) | 0.8718 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||
| Fixed premium and dependent | 144 | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | reference | ||
| Insured salary grading above fixed premium | 115 | 1.12 | (0.81–1.58) | 0.4984 | 1.13 | (0.81–1.59) | 0.5226 |
| Comorbidity | |||||||
| Alcohol-related disease | 229 | 4.78 | (3.26–6.99) | <.0001 | 5.13 | (3.47–7.58) | <.0001 |
| Autoimmune disease | 11 | 1.00 | (0.54–1.82) | 0.9873 | 1.05 | (0.57–1.95) | 0.876 |
| Diabetes | 35 | 0.7 | (0.49–1.01) | 0.0533 | 0.91 | (0.61–1.35) | 0.6379 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 63 | 0.98 | (0.74–1.31) | 0.907 | 1.64 | (1.17–2.30) | 0.0037 |
| Pregnancy | 5 | 0.57 | (0.24–1.39) | 0.22 | 0.53 | (0.21–1.30) | 0.1631 |
| Renal failure or dialysis | 17 | 1.01 | (0.62–1.65) | 0.9657 | 1.08 | (0.65–1.81) | 0.7603 |
| Pancreatitis | 7 | 1.15 | (0.54–2.44) | 0.71 | 0.78 | (0.36–1.7) | 0.5283 |
| Hematologic disease | 4 | 1.64 | (0.61–4.41) | 0.3256 | 1.59 | (0.57–4.4) | 0.3750 |
| Drug used | |||||||
| Bisphosphonate | 6 | 0.62 | (0.28–1.39) | 0.2449 | 0.53 | (0.23–1.23) | 0.1399 |
| Anticoagulants | 30 | 0.60 | (0.41–0.87) | 0.0078 | 0.65 | (0.44–0.96) | 0.0295 |
| Iloprost | 0 | ||||||
| Statins | 280 | 0.46 | (0.33–0.64) | <.0001 | 0.38 | (0.25–0.55) | <.0001 |
| Oral Steroid + IV Steroid | 224 | 0.67 | (0.47–0.95) | 0.0261 | 0.66 | (0.46–0.96) | 0.0281 |
| Treatment | |||||||
| Cord decompression | 33 | 2.09 | (1.45–3.01) | <.0001 | 1.74 | (1.17–2.60) | 0.0065 |
| Bone graft (BG) | 10 | 0.98 | (0.52–1.84) | 0.9505 | 0.73 | (0.38–1.43) | 0.3597 |
| Osteotomy | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Abbreviations. NONFH: nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Crude HR∗ represents relative hazard ratio; adjusted HR† represents adjusted hazard ratio: mutually adjusted for TCM use, sex, age, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, drug used, and treatment in Cox proportional hazard regression.