Table 1.
Characteristics | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1066) | (n = 267) | (n = 266) | (n = 267) | (n = 266) | ||
<4.01 | 4.01-6.86 | 6.87-12.28 | >12.28 | |||
DBR | 10.06 ± 9.65 | 2.68 ± 0.83 | 5.34 ± 0.82 | 9.25 ± 1.58 | 23.02 ± 11.12 | <0.001 |
Age(years) | 68.9 ± 5.4 | 68.7 ± 5.1 | 68.2 ± 5.6 | 69.1 ± 5.4 | 69.5 ± 5.5 | 0.044 |
Percent men (%) | 41.8 | 39.7 | 38.0 | 41.2 | 48.5 | 0.071 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 23.3 ± 3.6 | 23.4 ± 3.7 | 23.9 ± 3.9 | 0.001 |
Current smoking (%) | 20.2 | 18.0 | 17.7 | 20.2 | 24.8 | 0.145 |
Habitual alcohol drinking (%) | 17.2 | 14.6 | 17.3 | 16.1 | 20.7 | 0.290 |
Leisure-time physical activity (%) | 56.8 | 58.4 | 57.5 | 54.7 | 56.8 | 0.842 |
Education level | 0.398 | |||||
≤Primary school | 49.0 | 44.6 | 50.8 | 49.8 | 50.8 | |
Middle school | 42.6 | 47.9 | 40.2 | 43.1 | 39.1 | |
≥High school | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 7.1 | 10.1 | |
Annual income, RMB | 0.227 | |||||
≤5000 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 5.6 | |
5000–30000 | 45.4 | 45.0 | 44.0 | 51.7 | 41.0 | |
>30000 | 49.8 | 51.3 | 51.5 | 43.1 | 53.4 | |
Statin use (%) | 11.3 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 12.0 | 12.8 | 0.681 |
NSAID use (%) | 6.2 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 0.625 |
Cardiovascular disease (%) | 7.9 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 0.314 |
SBPa | 120 ± 19 | 119 ± 16 | 119 ± 18 | 122 ± 20 | 121 ± 22 | 0.488 |
DBPa | 71 ± 9 | 71 ± 8 | 71 ± 8 | 70 ± 9 | 70 ± 10 | 0.503 |
TG (mmol/L)a | 1.45 (1.10,1.98) | 1.31 (0.99,1.84) | 1.35 (0.99,1.91) | 1.50 (1.17,2.01) | 1.61 (1.27,2.15) | 0.002 |
TC (mmol/L)a | 5.14 ± 0.95 | 5.04 ± 0.88 | 5.16 ± 0.96 | 5.18 ± 0.99 | 5.16 ± 0.98 | 0.499 |
LDL-C (mmol/L)a | 3.05 ± 0.89 | 2.99 ± 0.90 | 3.11 ± 0.90 | 3.08 ± 0.87 | 3.00 ± 0.90 | 0.508 |
HDL-C (mmol/L)a | 1.40 ± 0.37 | 1.39 ± 0.40 | 1.44 ± 0.38 | 1.41 ± 0.36 | 1.36 ± 0.37 | 0.268 |
IL-6 (pg/ml)a | 1.36 (1.11,1.60) | 1.31 (1.07,1.48) | 1.29 (1.03,1.46) | 1.38 (1.16,1.64) | 1.53 (1.23,1.90) | <0.001 |
CRP (mg/L)a | 1.16 (0.94,1.34) | 1.09 (0.86,1.25) | 1.15 (0.92,1.29) | 1.19 (0.97,1.41) | 1.23 (0.97,1.58) | <0.001 |
Nitrotyrosine (μmol/L)a | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.36 ± 0.10 | 0.40 ± 0.12 | 0.47 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
8-iso-PGF2a (pg/mL)a | 42.5 ± 10.8 | 36.3 ± 9.6 | 41.1 ± 9.7 | 43.6 ± 10.7 | 49.2 ± 8.8 | <0.001 |
DPP4 activity (nmol/min/ml)a | 18.1 ± 8.1 | 9.7 ± 3.5 | 15.0 ± 3.9 | 20.1 ± 4.7 | 27.5 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
BDNF (ng/ml)a | 2.53 ± 1.10 | 3.70 ± 0.90 | 2.84 ± 0.76 | 2.21 ± 0.53 | 1.35 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
MoCA scorea | 26.9 ± 2.4 | 27.9 ± 2.0 | 27.2 ± 2.2 | 26.8 ± 2.1 | 25.8 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or percentage for normally distributed continuous various, abnormally distributed continuous variables (TG, IL-6, CRP), and categorical variables, respectively. Cigarette smoking was defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one’s lifetime. Regular leisure-time physical activity was defined as participation in ≥30 min of moderate or vigorous activity per day at least 3 days per week. aAdjusted for age, gender, and BMI.