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. 2019 Mar 4;11:33. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00033

Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants according to quartiles of the DPP4 activity to BDNF ratio (DBR).

Characteristics Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 P-value
(n = 1066) (n = 267) (n = 266) (n = 267) (n = 266)
<4.01 4.01-6.86 6.87-12.28 >12.28
DBR 10.06 ± 9.65 2.68 ± 0.83 5.34 ± 0.82 9.25 ± 1.58 23.02 ± 11.12 <0.001
Age(years) 68.9 ± 5.4 68.7 ± 5.1 68.2 ± 5.6 69.1 ± 5.4 69.5 ± 5.5 0.044
Percent men (%) 41.8 39.7 38.0 41.2 48.5 0.071
Body mass index (kg/m2) 23.3 ± 3.7 22.6 ± 3.6 23.3 ± 3.6 23.4 ± 3.7 23.9 ± 3.9 0.001
Current smoking (%) 20.2 18.0 17.7 20.2 24.8 0.145
Habitual alcohol drinking (%) 17.2 14.6 17.3 16.1 20.7 0.290
Leisure-time physical activity (%) 56.8 58.4 57.5 54.7 56.8 0.842
Education level 0.398
≤Primary school 49.0 44.6 50.8 49.8 50.8
Middle school 42.6 47.9 40.2 43.1 39.1
≥High school 8.4 7.5 9.0 7.1 10.1
Annual income, RMB 0.227
≤5000 4.8 3.7 4.5 5.2 5.6
5000–30000 45.4 45.0 44.0 51.7 41.0
>30000 49.8 51.3 51.5 43.1 53.4
Statin use (%) 11.3 10.5 9.8 12.0 12.8 0.681
NSAID use (%) 6.2 5.2 5.3 6.7 7.5 0.625
Cardiovascular disease (%) 7.9 7.5 6.8 6.7 10.5 0.314
SBPa 120 ± 19 119 ± 16 119 ± 18 122 ± 20 121 ± 22 0.488
DBPa 71 ± 9 71 ± 8 71 ± 8 70 ± 9 70 ± 10 0.503
TG (mmol/L)a 1.45 (1.10,1.98) 1.31 (0.99,1.84) 1.35 (0.99,1.91) 1.50 (1.17,2.01) 1.61 (1.27,2.15) 0.002
TC (mmol/L)a 5.14 ± 0.95 5.04 ± 0.88 5.16 ± 0.96 5.18 ± 0.99 5.16 ± 0.98 0.499
LDL-C (mmol/L)a 3.05 ± 0.89 2.99 ± 0.90 3.11 ± 0.90 3.08 ± 0.87 3.00 ± 0.90 0.508
HDL-C (mmol/L)a 1.40 ± 0.37 1.39 ± 0.40 1.44 ± 0.38 1.41 ± 0.36 1.36 ± 0.37 0.268
IL-6 (pg/ml)a 1.36 (1.11,1.60) 1.31 (1.07,1.48) 1.29 (1.03,1.46) 1.38 (1.16,1.64) 1.53 (1.23,1.90) <0.001
CRP (mg/L)a 1.16 (0.94,1.34) 1.09 (0.86,1.25) 1.15 (0.92,1.29) 1.19 (0.97,1.41) 1.23 (0.97,1.58) <0.001
Nitrotyrosine (μmol/L)a 0.39 ± 0.12 0.34 ± 0.10 0.36 ± 0.10 0.40 ± 0.12 0.47 ± 0.13 <0.001
8-iso-PGF2a (pg/mL)a 42.5 ± 10.8 36.3 ± 9.6 41.1 ± 9.7 43.6 ± 10.7 49.2 ± 8.8 <0.001
DPP4 activity (nmol/min/ml)a 18.1 ± 8.1 9.7 ± 3.5 15.0 ± 3.9 20.1 ± 4.7 27.5 ± 6.3 <0.001
BDNF (ng/ml)a 2.53 ± 1.10 3.70 ± 0.90 2.84 ± 0.76 2.21 ± 0.53 1.35 ± 0.47 <0.001
MoCA scorea 26.9 ± 2.4 27.9 ± 2.0 27.2 ± 2.2 26.8 ± 2.1 25.8 ± 2.7 <0.001

Data were expressed as means ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or percentage for normally distributed continuous various, abnormally distributed continuous variables (TG, IL-6, CRP), and categorical variables, respectively. Cigarette smoking was defined as having smoked at least 100 cigarettes in one’s lifetime. Regular leisure-time physical activity was defined as participation in ≥30 min of moderate or vigorous activity per day at least 3 days per week. aAdjusted for age, gender, and BMI.