Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of hospitalized heart failure patients with ejection fraction <50%.
| N = 257 | |
|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD, years) | 64.4 ± 15.0 |
| Gender n (%) | |
| ▪ Men | 149 (58%) |
| ▪ Women | 108 (42%) |
| Literacy n (%) | |
| ▪ Primary school | 57 (22%) |
| ▪ High school | 190 (74%) |
| ▪ University | 10 (4%) |
| ▪ Post university | 0 (0%) |
| Hospitalization causes: n (%) | |
| ▪ Acute decompensated heart failure | 123 (47.9%) |
| ▪ Acute coronary syndrome | 97 (37.8%) |
| ▪ Arrhythmia | 15 (5.8%) |
| ▪ Infection (pulmonary, valvular, urinary, sepsis) | 15 (5.8%) |
| ▪ Other | 7 (2.7%) |
| Disease etiology for heart failure: n (%) | |
| ▪ Ischemic heart disease | 165 (64.2%) |
| ▪ Cardiomyopathy (essentially dilated cardiomyopathy) | 56 (21.8%) |
| ▪ Valvular heart disease | 24 (9.3%) |
| ▪ Arrhythmia | 6 (2.3%) |
| ▪ Other | 6 (2.3%) |
| Co-morbidities: n (%) | |
| ▪ Hypertension | 124 (48.2%) |
| ▪ Valvular heart disease | 104 (40.5%) |
| ▪ Overweight/obesity | 50/53 (40.1%) |
| ▪ Dyslipidemia | 85 (33.1%) |
| ▪ Arrhythmia including atrial fibrillation | 80 (31.1%) |
| ▪ Diabetes mellitus | 66 (25.7%) |
| ▪ Renal insufficiency | 54 (21.0%) |
| ▪ Cerebrovascular disease | 13 (5.0%) |
| ▪ COPD or asthma | 9 (3.5%) |
BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD: standard deviation; Obesity: BMI ≥ 25; valvular heart disease was defined by mitral or aortic regurgitation more than grade 2/4, or/and valvular stenosis more than middle degree or/and valvular replacement; overweight: 23 ≤ BMI < 25; renal insufficiency was defined by eGFR <60 ml/p or presence of “renal insufficiency” in the previous diagnosis.