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. 2018 Dec 19;4(3):470–483. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.12.006

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Proposed model for the role of interleukin (IL)-6 in chronic kidney disease (CKD)–anemia. Increased circulating levels of IL-6 in CKD induce hepcidin overproduction, leading to decreased iron availability for erythropoiesis. In addition, IL-6 appears to aggravate resistance to high levels of circulating erythropoietin (Epo) in early CKD. Furthermore, IL-6 aggravates renal fibrosis, which worsens uremia and reduces the ability of the kidney to produce Epo in advanced CKD. RBC, red blood cell.