Table 13.

Association of demographic and habitual characteristics with CKDu

Variable	Category	CKDu		Non-CKDu		Crude OR (95% CI)	P
		Count	%	Count	%
Age, yr	>67	29	9.9	23	21.1	0.048 (0.006–0.385)	0.004
	58–67	68	23.1	37	33.9	0.071 (0.009–0.542)	0.011
	48–57	71	24.1	27	24.8	0.1 (0.013–0.772)	0.027
	38–47	65	22.1	17	15.6	0.149 (0.019–1.18)	0.071
	28–37	35	11.9	4	3.7	0.337 (0.035–3.191)	0.343
	18–27	26	8.8	1	0.9	Ref	–
Gender	Women	158	53.7	60	55.0	1.083 (0.697–1.684)	0.723
	Men	136	46.3	49	45.0
Education	Educated	136	46.3	59	54.1	0.729 (0.469–1.134)	0.161
	Uneducated	158	53.7	50	45.9
Occupation	Farmer	215	73.1	75	68.8	1.234 (0.763–1.994)	0.391
	Nonfarmer	79	26.9	34	31.2
Farmers - pesticides contact	Exposed to pesticides	62	21.1	26	23.9	0.853 (0.506–1.438)	0.551
	Not exposed to pesticides	232	78.9	83	76.1
Tobacco smoking	Yes	54	18.4	28	25.7	0.651 (0.386–1.096)	0.106
	No	240	81.6	81	74.3
Alcohol consumption	Yes	72	24.5	33	30.3	0.747 (0.459–1.216)	0.241
	No	222	75.5	76	69.7

CI, confidence interval; CKDu, chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology; OR, odds ratio.