Table 6.

Association of demographic, habitual, and health characteristics with CKD versus non-CKD group

Variable	Category	CKD				Crude OR (95% CI)	P
		Positive		Negative
		n	%	n	%
Age, yr	>67	52	12.9	56	3.1	11 (6.4–18.9)	<0.001
	58–67	105	26.1	210	11.6	5.93 (3.7–9.3)	<0.001
	48–57	97	24.1	298	16.5	3.86 (2.4–6.1)	<0.001
	38–47	83	20.6	461	25.5	2.13 (1.3–3.4)	<0.001
	28–37	39	9.7	462	25.6	1 (0.6–1.6)	0.001
	18–27	27	6.7	320	17.7	Ref
Gender	Women	216	53.6	1014	56.1	0.9 (0.7–1.1)	0.360
	Men	187	46.4	793	43.9
Education	Educated	195	48.4	1080	59.8	0.63 (0.5–0.8)	<0.001
	Uneducated	208	51.6	727	40.2
Occupation	Farmer	290	72.0	1151	63.7	1.46 (1.1–1.8)	0.002
	Nonfarmer	113	28.0	656	36.3
Farmers - Pesticide contact	Exposed to pesticides	69	17.1	257	14.2	1.25 (0.9–1.7)	0.140
	Not exposed to pesticides	334	82.9	1550	85.8
Tobacco smoking	Yes	82	20.3	299	16.5	1.28 (0.9–1.7)	0.080
	No	321	79.7	1508	83.5
Alcohol consumption	Yes	105	26.1	361	19.9	1.4 (1.1–1.8)	0.009
	No	298	73.9	1446	80.1
Diabetes	Yes	59	14.1	100	5.6	2.75 (1.9–3.9)	<0.001
	No	344	85.9	1707	94.4
Hypertension	Yes	133	33.0	236	13.1	3.28 (2.5–4.2)	<0.001
	No	270	67.0	1571	86.9
Long-standing hypertension	Yes	55	13.6	87	4.8	3.12 (2.2–4.4)	<0.001
	No	348	86.4	1720	95.2
Proteinuria	Yes	200	49.6	0	0.0	—	—
	No	203	50.4	1807	100

CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; OR, odds ratio.