Table 1.
Amelioration effects of phytochemicals on oxidative status and immune responses in poultry
| Phytogenic materials | Supplemented form | Effective dosages | Challenge | Effects on immune responses | Effects on oxidative status | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grape pomace | Grape pomace | 60 g/kg diet | Unchallenged | Lowered MDA in muscle tissue | [41] | |
| Grape polyphenols | 25–75 ppm in the diet | Unchallenged | Increased antibody titers against NDV | Increased polyphenol levels and decreased TBA amount in breast and leg muscles | [40] | |
| Grape pomace | 7.5% in the diet | Unchallenged | Lowered antibody titer against NDV, higher secondary titer against SRBC | Higher serum SOD and GPx; lowered serum MDA | [39] | |
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | Powder | 0.5% in the diet | Aflatoxin B1 | Lowered IL-6 mRNA expression, higher serum albumin concentration | Alleviate hepatic SOD, GST mRNA expression | [42], [44] |
| Powder | 74, 222, and 444 mg/kg curcuminoids in the diet | Aflatoxin B1 | Increased serum antioxidant functions | [43] | ||
| Powder | 444 mg/kg curcuminoids in the diet | Unchallenged | Higher serum T-AOC | [43] | ||
| powder | 200 mg/kg curcumin in the diet | Unchallenged | Increased antibody titers against NDV, enhanced B and T lymphocyte proliferation in spleen | [45] | ||
| Pleurotus mushrooms | Stalk residue powder | 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% in the diet | Unchallenged | Higher SOD, CAT, lowered MDA in serum & muscle | [51] | |
| Dried Pleurotus ostreatus | 10g/kg and 20 g/kg in the diet | Unchallenged | Lowered TBARS value in breast muscle at d15 of storage test | [54] | ||
| Mushroom derived polysaccharides | 25 mg/kg BW | Eimeria infection | Reduced Eimeria oocyst count | [59] | ||
| Unchallenged | Increased total Ig, IgM, and IgG titers against SRBC | |||||
| Oyster mushroom | 1% in the diet | Unchallenged | increased antibody titers against influenza disease virus and SRBC | [60] | ||
| Ganoderma lucidum | Sporoderm-broken spores | 200 mg/kg in the diet | Aflatoxin B1 | Increased IgG and IgA | Lowered H2O2 and MDA, higher CAT, GR, GPx and GSH in liver | [64] |
| Powder | 0.2% in the diet | Aflatoxin B1 | Increased antibody titers against NDV | Lowered H2O2 and MDA, higher GR and GPx in liver and spleen | [65] | |
| Forsythia suspense | Extracts | 100 mg/kg in the diet | Heat | Greater serum total antioxidant capacity and reduced MDA concentration | [66] | |
| Extracts | 100 mg/kg in the diet | Corticosterone | Lowered MDA, higher SOD in serum | [67] | ||
| Extracts | 100 mg/kg in the diet | Corticosterone | Lowered MDA and carbonyl contents, higher T-AOC, GPx, and SOD in breast muscle | [68] | ||
| Extracts | 100 mg/kg in the diet | High stocking density | Greater bursa weight and bursa weight/BW ratio, increased antibody titers against NDV | [70] | ||
| Forsythiaside | 30 and 60 mg/kg in the diet | Inhibit TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2 production via suppressing NF-κB in the bursa of Fabricius of chickens | [71] |
BW, body weight; MDA, malondialdehyde; NDV, Newcastle disease virus; TBA, thiobarbituric acid; SRBC, sheep red blood cell; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; T-AOC, total-antioxidant capacity; IL, interleukin; GST, glutathione S-transferase; Ig, immunoglobulin; CAT, catalase; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GR, glutathione reductase; GSH, glutathione; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; COX, cyclooxygenase; NF, nuclear factor.