Table 2.

Overview of frequency, content, and technique of tailored email feedback for diet and physical activity behaviors.

Feedback frequency	Feedback content		Behavior-change techniques [52]
	Diet	Physical activity
2 weeks	4-d summary (average + range) from mFRa showing average daily serves (kilojoule equivalent) for EDNPb foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol Example ADGc serves for EDNP foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol mFR food images showing participants the source of their EDNP foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol serves Tailored feedback + goals based on key messages: avoid EDNP foods, avoid sugary drinks, avoid alcohol	Introduction of movement goals and wearable activity monitor guide 7-d summary (average + range) for step count, MVPAd, and hourly movement Tailored feedback + guidance based on movement goal achievement (not met, almost met, and met)	Instruction on how to perform the behavior Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
4 weeks	Weight loss goal of 10% 4-d summary (average + range) from mFR showing average daily serves for fruit and vegetables Example ADG serves for fruit and vegetables mFR food images showing participants the source of their fruit and vegetable intake Tailored feedback against recommended serves + goals to increase fruit and vegetable serves	7-d visual summary of challenge movement goal, with comparison to goal target Activity tips to assist with weight loss linked to movement goals	Review behavior goal Feedback on behavior Action planning Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
6 weeks	1-d summary from 6-wk mFR showing daily serves of EDNP foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, and fruits and vegetables Comparison against baseline diet mFR food images showing participants the source of their EDNP foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, fruits, and vegetables Tailored feedback against recommended serves + goals targeting: Avoid or limit EDNP foods, sugary drinks and alcohol Eat less at meals or snacks (except for fruit and vegetables) Eat less often (eg, limit snacking)	Review of the movement goals 7-d summary (average + range) for step count, MVPA, and hourly movement Comparison with baseline activity for each movement goal Tailored feedback + guidance based on movement goal achievement (not met, almost met, and met)	Review behavior goals Self-comparison Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
12 weeks	1-d summary from 12-wk mFR showing daily serves of EDNP foods, sugary drinks, alcohol mFR food images showing participants the examples of meal or snack behaviors Tailored feedback + goals targeting: Eat less at meals or snacks (except for fruits and vegetables) Avoid or limit snacking	Reiteration of energy deficit goal + instruction on how to create an energy deficit via energy output 7-d summary (average + range) of MVPA goal Tailored feedback + guidance based on movement goal achievement (not met, almost met, and met) Translation of MVPA into energy output	Review of outcome goal Review behavior goal Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
18 weeks	Reiteration of dietary goals + instruction on how to create an energy deficit from diet (eg, reduction in EDNP food serves) Reiteration of “what’s a serve of EDNP foods” Reminder of dietary goals + suggestions on how to achieve them: Avoid or limit EDNP foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol Eat less at meals or snacks (except for fruit and vegetables) Eat less often (eg, limit snacking)	Reiteration of energy-deficit goal + instruction on how to create an energy deficit via energy output 7-d summary (average + range) of MVPA goal Tailored feedback + guidance based on movement goal achievement (not met, almost met, and met) Translation of MVPA into energy output Reminder of movement goal targets linked to creating an energy deficit	Review of outcome goal Review behavior goals Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
6 months	4-d summary from 6-mo mFR showing daily serves with comparison against baseline diet mFR food images showing participants the source of their EDNP foods, sugary drinks, alcohol, fruits, and vegetables Tailored feedback against recommended serves + goals targeting: Avoid or limit EDNP foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol Eat less at meals or snacks (except for fruit and vegetables) Eat less often (eg, limit snacking) Tailored support for unhelpful behaviors: Emotional/restrained/uncontrolled eating (identified in the three-factor eating questionnaire) Tailored feedback on how to make a healthy diet habitual based on habit index score	Face-to-face visit summary: comparison with baseline (body mass and aerobic fitness) 7-d visual summary (average) for step count, MVPA, and hourly movement + comparison with baseline for each movement goal Future goal setting for translation phase Tailored guidance on how to make PA habitual based on habit index score	Review behavior goals Self-comparison Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations
12 months	4-d summary from 12-mo mFR showing daily serves with comparison against baseline Tailored feedback against recommended serves + target goals	Face-to-face visit tabulated summary: comparison with baseline and 6 mo (body mass and aerobic fitness) 7-d visual summary (average) for step count, MVPA, and hourly movement + comparison with baseline and 6 mo for each movement goal Future goal setting for translation phase	Review behavior goals Self-comparison Social comparison with study participants Feedback on behavior Tailored personalized message Prompt self-monitoring of behavior Goal setting Discrepancy between current behavior and recommendations

^amFR: mobile food record.

^bEDNP: energy-dense nutrient poor.

^cADG^: Australian Dietary Guidelines.

^dMVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.