Table 1.
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics of participants (N=35).
| Characteristics | mHealth intervention (n=18) | Control group (n=17) | P value | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 23.3 (2) | 22.3 (2) | .08 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.6 (3) | 24.1 (5) | .28 | |
| BMDa category, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal (–0.5 to –1.0) | 8 (44) | 6 (35) | .58 |
|
|
Osteopenia (–1.0 to –2.5) | 10 (56) | 11 (65) |
|
| Calcium intake (mg/d), mean (SD) | 618.5 (472.2) | 645.0 (309.2) | .85 | |
| Physical activity (hours per week), mean (SD) | 12.5 (15) | 15.56 (19) | .60 | |
| Smoking (pack-years), mean (SD)b | 2.8 (2) | 1.5 (1) | .46 | |
| Change in calcium intake over 12 weeks, %c | 3.34 | 0.17 | .29 | |
| Change in physical activity over 12 weeks, %c | 0.41 | 0.07 | .42 | |
| Change in smoking over 12 weeks, %d | 0 | –0.74 | — | |
| Net change in risk factors (%) | 3.76 (9) | 0.24 (1) | .25 | |
aBMD: bone mineral density.
bData available for 4 participants from the mHealth intervention group and 6 participants from the control group.
cData available for 7 participants from the mHealth intervention group and 9 participants from the control group.
dData available for 4 participants from the control group.