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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
3D images depicting the membrane surfaces: AD commercial membrane (Osmonics) (a), neat PA membrane (b), PA/0.1 wt.% AG (c) and average surface roughness of the studied membranes (d). Scanned area 100 × 100 µm2.