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. 2019 Jan 30;10(2):102. doi: 10.3390/genes10020102

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hypermodification of m⁵C34 in anticodon of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. (a) During the maturation of the cytoplasmic tRNA^Leu(CAA), an m⁵C34 modification is installed by NSUN2. The methylated RNA is spliced, followed by oxidation to hm⁵C and f⁵C, which occurs in the nucleus. The oxidation is catalyzed by ALKBH1. The RNA is exported to the cytoplasm, where the methyltransferase FTSJ1 installs an additional methyl group on the ribose 2’-OH to produce hm⁵Cm and f⁵Cm. (b) Structures of modified nucleotides at position 34 and the modification pathway. (c) Modification of mt-tRNA^Met by NSUN3 and ALKBH1 occurs in the mitochondria. SAM = S-adenosylmethionine, SAH = S-adenosylhomocysteine, α-KG = alpha-ketoglutarate.