Figure 2.

Effects of SR-A competitive and non-competitive ligands on the cell-associated FV3 load in X. laevis CSF-1 Mϕs and IL-34 Mϕs. The X. laevis CSF-1 Mϕs and IL-34 Mϕs were derived by culturing adult frog bone marrow cells with recombinant CSF-1 or IL-34, respectively, for 5 days. The Mϕs were then pre-treated with 200 μg/mL of the SR-A competitive ligands (DxSO₄, fucoidan) (A,B) and non-competitive ligands (ChSO₄, fetuin) (C,D) for 1 h and challenged with FV3 (MOI of 0.5) for 2 h. The FV3 DNA viral loads were determined by absolute qPCR. The results are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3–5). Statistical analysis using a one-way ANOVA test and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test with 95% confidence intervals was performed. p values less than 0.05 are considered statistically significant. Groups with different letters are statistically different from one another.