Table 2.

Anticancer activity of Malaysian common cobra crude venom and protein components.

Species	Venom/Protein Component	Mechanism	Cancer Cell Type/Tissue	Reference
Ophiophagus hannah	Crude venom	Cytotoxic activity on pancreatic cancer cells (EC50; 1.39 ng/mL), reduced migration activity, and induction of apoptosis in PaTu 8988t cells	Patu 8988t	[45]
	Crude venom	Reduced tumor-cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo	Zebrafish embryos	[45]
	L-amino acid oxidase (OH-LAAO)	Antiproliferative activity on murine melanoma, human fibrosarcoma, and murine epithelial cells	B16/F10, HT1080, and Balb/3T3	[30]
	OH-LAAO	Cytotoxic activity on human breast adenocarcinoma cells (EC50 0.05 µg/mL) and apoptosis induction	MCF-7	[33]
	OH-LAAO	Apoptosis induction and inhibition of prostate tumor growth	PC-3 xenograft in nude mice	[32]
	OH-LAAO	Induced alteration of gene expression involved in cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects	MCF-7	[31]
	OH-LAAO	Modulation of proteins involved in stress response, ubiquitination, proteolysis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis	MCF-7	[33]
Naja kaouthia	Crude venom	Cytotoxic activity on pancreatic cancer cells (EC50 1.42 ng/mL)	PaTu 8988t	[45]
	Crude venom	Venom at a nonlethal dose inhibited tumor-cell proliferation and showed cytotoxic activity and apoptosis induction in human lung cancer cells and leukemic cells	Ehrlich-ascites cells (EAC), U937, K562	[47]
	Cytotoxin CT3	Histopathological changes in leukemia cells treated with CT3	A549 and HL60	[48]
	Cardiotoxic–cytotoxic protein	Antiproliferative activity and apoptosis induction in human leukemic cells	U947 and K562	[49]
	kaotree (N. kouthia) and atroporin (Crotalus atrox) combination	Elevated cytotoxic activity in various human cancer cells	HBL-100, BT-20, ZR-75-1, HT-29, and Diji	[50]