. 2019 Feb 15;11(2):120. doi: 10.3390/toxins11020120

Table 2.

Overview of nemertean species analyzed for anabaseine related compounds.

Species	Origin	Toxin	Sample	Extraction and Analysis	Source
Class Hoplonemertea	Order Monostilifera
Amphiporus angulatus	NH + ME shores, USA	Anabaseine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5,17]
Amphiporus angulatus	NH + ME shores, USA	Anabaseine	Whole body	Chromatogr - alkal CHCl₃ extr	[36]
Amphiporus angulatus	NH + ME shores, USA	Nemertelline	Whole body	Chromatogr - alkal CHCl₃ extr	[36]
Amphiporus angulatus	NH + ME shores, USA	2,3′-bipyridyl	Whole body	Chromatogr - alkal CHCl₃ extr	[36]
Amphiporus angulatus	NH + ME shores, USA	3-methyl-2,3′-bipyridyl	Whole body	Chromatogr - alkal CHCl₃ extr	[36,40]
Amphiporus angulatus	Not stated	Bipyridyl toxins	Live animal	Not stated	[53]
Amphiporus angulatus	Eastport, MA, USA.	2,3′-bipyridyl, nemertelline + 4 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Amphiporus bimaculatus	San Juan Island, Washington, USA.	Unidentified pyridyl	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Amphiporus cruentatus	Woods hole, MA, USA.	5 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Amphiporus formidabilis	San Juan Island, Washington, USA.	3 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Amphiporus lactifloreus	Not stated	Low anabaseine activity	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[17]
Amphiporus lactifloreus	Not stated	Low anabaseine activity	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5]
Amphiporus lactifloreus	Bangor, Wales, UK	Anabasine	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Amphiporus ochraceus	Not stated	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5,17]
Amphiporus ochraceus	Woods hole, MA, USA	5 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Argonemertes dendyi	Tomales bay, CA, USA	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Carcinonemertes errans	Bodega bay, CA, USA	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Emplectonema gracile	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Possibly 1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Emplectonema gracile	San Juan Island, WA, USA	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Emplectonema neesi	Bangor, Wales, UK	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Fasciculonemertes arenicola	Los Molles, Chile	5 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Geonemertes pelaensis	Miami, FL, USA	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Malacobdella grossa	Not stated	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Nipponnemertes pulchra ^a	Helsingør, Dk	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Whole body	Al₂O₃ chrom-alkal CHCl₃ extr.	[35]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Body w.o. proboscis	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Anterior proboscis	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Median proboscis	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Posterior proboscis	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Periph part body wall	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Periph part body wall	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Low anabaseine	Body core tissues	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[17]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Low anabaseine	Body core tissues	MS + UV - DMAB deriv	[5]
Paranemertes peregrina	San Juan Island, WA, USA	Anabaseine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Paranemertes peregrina	Bodega Bay, CA, USA	2 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Prosadenoporus californiensis ^b	Tomales Bay, CA, USA	2 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Prostoma graecense ^c	Not stated	Possibly anabaseine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Tetrastemma candidum	Woods hole, CA, USA	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Tetrastemma reticulatum	San Juan Island, WA, USA	1 unidentified	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Tetrastemma worki	Not stated	Anabaseine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5,17]
Zygonemertes virescens	Not stated	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5]
Zygonemertes virescens	Woods hole, MA, USA	Anabasine	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Class Palaeonemertea
Carinoma sp.	Not stated	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5]
Carinoma tremaphoros ^d	Woods hole, MA, USA.	Not reported	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Cephalothrix spiralis ^d,e	Not stated	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5,17]
Class Pilidiophora	Order Heteronemertea
Cerebratulus lacteus	Woods hole, MA, USA.	None found	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5,17]
Cerebratulus lacteus	Boston, MA, USA	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Lineus ruber	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[17]
Lineus ruber	NH + ME shores, USA	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5]
Lineus sanguineus ^f	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5,17]
Lineus viridis	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[17]
Lineus viridis	NH + ME shores, USA	Anabaseine/Nemertine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr., DMAB deriv.	[5]
Lineus viridis	Woods hole, MA, USA	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Micrura leidyi	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[17]
Micrura leidyi	Woods hole, MA, USA	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr	[38]
Micrura leidyi	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5]
Parvicirrus dubius ^g	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5]
Siphonenteron bicolour ^h	Not stated	Anabaseine/Nemertine Below detection level	Whole body	TLC - alkal CHCl₃ extr - DMAB deriv	[5]
Siphonenteron bicolour ^h	Woods hole, MA, USA	None found	Whole body Frozen	TLC - alkal/acid CHCl₃ extr	[38]

Abbreviations: Alkal—alkaline; Chrom—chromatography; DMAB deriv—p-dimethyl aminobenzylidene deriative; Extr—extraction; MS—mass spectrometry; TLC—thin layer chromatography; UV—ultraviolet spectroscopy. ^a In source referred to as Nipponemertes pulcher (synonymous). ^b In source referred to as Pantinonemertes californiensis (synonymous). ^c In source referred to as Prostoma rubrum (synonymous). ^d Used as negative control. ^e In source referred to as Procephalothrix spiralis (synonymous). ^f In source referred to as Lineus socialis (synonymous). ^g In source referred to as Lineus dubius (synonymous). ^h In source referred to as Lineus bicolor (synonymous). Species are denoted according to WoRMS, World Register of Marine Species as of 19-02-11 [54].