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SEM images of the NMC particles (starting material after treatment with citric acid (pH 2.93, 25 °C, concentration 10−2 mol L−1) for (a) 30 min, (b) 300 min, and (c) 1815 min. The corresponding Li leaching efficiencies were 0.5% for a, 1.6% for b, and 2.2% for c.
