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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Permeability and boric acid passage of commercial seawater (triangles) and brackish water (squares) reverse osmosis elements, pristine ESPA1 element (diamond), and modified ESPA1 element (circle). Modification conditions: 2 mM GMA with addition of 0.045 mM Triton, modification time 0.5 h.