Table 1.
The relationship between MDR, XDR, and pPDR A. baumannii as pathogen of VAP and the risk factors for VAP.
| Variable | All Cases n = 60 | Drug Resistance Profiles of VAP Pathogen A. baumannii | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MDR n = 8 | XDR n = 41 | pPDR n = 11 | |||
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Female | 29 (48.3) | 6 (75) | 18 (43.9) | 5 (45.5) | 0.201 |
| Male | 31 (51.7) | 2 (25) | 23 (56.1) | 6 (54.5) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 63.95 (15) | 60 (18.4) | 65.37 (15.3) | 61.55 (11.1) | 0.555 |
| Reintubation, n (%) | 19 (31.7) | 3 (37.5) | 13 (31.7) | 3 (27.3) | 0.894 |
| Surgical intervention, n (%) | 23 (38.3) | 4 (50) | 16 (39) | 3 (27.3) | 0.593 |
| Tracheostomy prior VAP, n (%) | 8 (13.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (12.2) | 3 (27.3) | 0.209 |
| Severity score on ICU admission: | |||||
| APACHE II, median (IQR) | 19 (13–27.5) | 18 (13.3–31.5) | 18 (12-24) | 23 (18–30) | 0.189 |
| SAPS II, mean (SD) | 47.95 (13) | 42.6 (13.8) | 48.7(12.8) | 49 (13.5) | 0.048 |
| SOFA, mean (SD) | 11.5 (4.3) | 11.8 (4.3) | 11.5 (4.6) | 11.36 (3) | 0.981 |
| Admission type, n (%) | |||||
| Surgery | 17 (28.3) | 2 (25) | 10 (24.4) | 5 (45.5) | 0.186 |
| Medical | 29 (48.3) | 5 (62.5) | 18 (43.9) | 6 (54.5) | |
| Trauma | 14 (23.3) | 1 (12.5) | 13 (31.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Coma (GCS <9), n (%) | 8 (13.3) | 2 (25.0) | 4 (9.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0.445 |
| Chronic disease, n (%) | 43 (71.7) | 7 (87.5) | 29 (70.7) | 7 (63.6) | 0.508 |
| Sepsis status on ICU admission, n (%) | |||||
| Sepsis | 54 (90) | 8 (100) | 36 (87.8) | 10 (90.9) | 0.572 |
| Shock | 20 (33.3) | 2 (25) | 16 (39) | 2 (18.2) | 0.371 |
| RBC transfusion prior to VAP, n (%) | 36 (60) | 4 (50) | 24 (58.5) | 8 (72.7) | 0.573 |
| Antibiotic treatment prior to VAP (days), median (IQR) | 13 (7–18) | 10.5 (5.3–13.8) | 13 (7.5–20) | 14 (6–19) | 0.475 |
| Antibiotic treatment prior to VAP (class), n (%) | |||||
| Cephalosporin | 46 (76.7) | 5 (62.5) | 32 (78) | 9 (76.7) | 0.576 |
| Penicillin ± BLI | 34 (56.7) | 3 (37.5) | 23 (56.1) | 6 (54.5) | 0.626 |
| Quinolone | 6 (10) | 0 (0) | 5 (12.2) | 1 (9.1) | 0.572 |
| Aminoglycoside | 3 (5) | 1 (12.5) | 1 (2.4) | 1 (9.1) | 0.387 |
| Carbapenem | 18 (30) | 4 (50) | 12 (29.3) | 2 (18.2) | 0.036 |
| Other | 8 (13.3) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (9.8) | 3 (27.3) | 0.315 |
| LOS (days), median (IQR) | |||||
| Hospital prior to ICU | 1 (0–3.8) | 0 (0–0.8) | 1 (0–3.5) | 2 (0–10) | 0.036 |
| ICU prior to MV | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) | 0.406 |
| ICU prior to VAP | 9 (6–13) | 9.5 (5.3–13.5) | 9 (6–13) | 8 (5–16) | 0.974 |
| Hospital prior to MV | 0 (0–2.7) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–2) | 3 (0–6) | 0.013 |
| Hospital prior to VAP | 11.5 (6–16.5) | 10 (6–13.5) | 12 (6–16) | 14 (8–22) | 0.424 |
| MV prior to VAP (days), median (IQR) | 8.50 (5–14) | 10.5 (5–13.3) | 8 (5.5–14) | 7 (2–11) | 0.845 |
SD—standard deviation, IQR—interquartile range, VAP—ventilator associated pneumonia, ICU—intensive care unit, APACHE II—Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score II, SAPS II—Simplified Acute Physiology Score, SOFA—Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, GCS—Glasgow coma scale, RBC—red blood cells, BLI—β-lactamase inhibitors, LOS—length of stay, MV—mechanical ventilation.