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EVs induce DC maturation and CD8+ T-cell activation. (a) Flow cytometry and (b) MFI of DCs treated with control (saline) or EVs and with FITC–CD86 antibodies (n = 3); (c) TNF–α levels produced by DCs treated with control (saline), or EVs after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C (n = 3); (d) IFN–γ levels secreted by CD8+ T-cells interact with control (saline) or EV-treated mature DCs (n = 3).
