Table 1.
Study selection.
| Study | N (Case/Controls) | Design | Subject Characteristics | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bao et al. (2012) [25] | 81 (69/12) | 81 subjects (69 CKD divided for stage groups based on eGFR, 12 Con). Serum IL-33 and sST2 levels were estimated by ELISA | Mean Age: 48 years (range 19–72) Gender: 44 M, 25 F Origin: Chinese |
No difference in IL-33 concentration between CKD and Con. Higher sST2 in CKD, correlated with disease severity |
| 9 DKD patients | ||||
| Caner et al. (2014) [26] | 100 (42/32/26) | 100 subjects (42 DM, 32 DM+MA, 26 Con). IL-33 investigated for showing the feasibility to retrieve the early stage of kidney injury in DM. Peripheral blood drawn, centrifuged, stored and analyzed by ELISA | Mean Age: 55.3 ± 12.4 years Gender: 40 M, 60 F Origin: Turkish |
IL-33 higher among DM+MA, followed by DM and Con. Con had lower IL-33 concentrations than both DM+MA and DM. No difference between DM+MA and DM |
| 74 patients with DKD (32 of which with associated MA) | ||||
| Shruthi et al. (2016) [27] | 201 (125/76) | 125 T1DM, of which 96 with MVC. Serum levels of IL-33 calculated by ELISA | Mean Age: 21.5 ± 11.0 (T1DM), 29.0 ± 15.2 (T1DM + MVC), 32.0 ± 1.7 (Con) Gender: 15 M, 14 F (T1DM), 53 M, 43 F (T1DM + MVC), 31 M, 65 F (Con) Origin: Indian |
IL-33 significantly elevated in T1DM subjects. No significant difference between those with and without MVC |
| 125 patients with DKD (29 without MVC, 96 with MVC) | ||||
| Gungor et al. (2017) [28] | 238 (238/0) | 238 patients with different stages of CKD based on eGFR. Serum IL-33 and sST2 evaluated with ELISA. Correlations searched with vascular damage and CV events | Mean Age: 48 years (range 26–69) Stage 1 CKD, 53 years (range 28-67) Stage 2 CKD, 49 years (range 27–69) Stage 3 CKD, 49 years (range 29–69) Stage 4 CKD, 49 years (range 26–69) Stage 5 CKD Origin: Turkish |
IL-33 and ST2 inversely correlated with eGFR and associated with FMD. ST2 predictor of FMD. DM, smoking, proteinuria, IL-33, and ST2 associated with the risk of CV events |
| 60 patients with DKD (8 with Stage 1 CKD, 13 with Stage 2 CKD, 11 with Stage 3 CKD, 13 with Stage 4 CKD, 15 with Stage 5 CKD) | ||||
| Samuelsson et al. (2017) [29] | 220 (220/0) | 220 DM young patients enrolled. Prospective study on their outcome and relationship with plasma sST2 levels on different complications groups | Mean Age: 26.7 ± 6.1 (DKD) 25.0 ± 5.5 (no DKD) Gender: 15 M, 6 F (DKD), 118 M, 81 F (no DKD) Origin: Swedish |
Plasma levels of sST2 significantly higher in n = 21 patients who later developed nephropathy compared to those n = 199 who did not |
| 220 patients with DM, of which 21 developed DKD 10 years later | ||||
| Homsak and Ekart (2018) [30] | 123 (123/0) | 123 ESRD patients divided by high and low sST2, checked by ELISA. Survival Ratio calculated | Mean Age: 66 years (range 25–88) Gender: 72 M, 51 F Origin: Slovenian |
sST2 has a prognostic value, independent of renal function or HDF treatment |
| 40 patients with DKD |
CKD: Chronic kidney disease; Con: Controls; CV: Cardiovascular; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immune-Sorbent assay; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; FMD: Flow-mediated dilatation; HDF: Hemodiafiltration; IL-33: Interleukin-33; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MA: Microalbuminuria; MVC: Microvascular complications; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma; sST2: Soluble ST2; T1DM: Type-1 diabetes mellitus; TNM: tumor-lymph node-metastasis.