Table 1.

Egyptian RVFV outbreaks.

Outbreaks	Presumable Source of Infection	Affected Areas	Main Vectors	Human Cases	Affected Animals	Used Vaccine	References
1977 (August–December) to 1978 (July–December)	The infected person returns back from Africa and importation of infected camels from Sudan-Zimbabwe	Belbies, El-Sharquia province, then spread to the Nile valley, delta, and Sudan	Cx. Pipiens	1977: up to 20,000 cases, with 598 deaths 1978: 114 confirmed cases, with 12 deaths	Domestic animals (sheep, cattle, camels, goats, horses), rats and humans	No available vaccines	[27,37,52,53,55,56,57,58,59]
1993–1994 (May–August)	The virus either remains endemic after 1977 outbreak or reintroduced in 1993 from the same source (Sudan)	Aswan, then spread to Nile Delta provinces, El-Faiyum and Damietta	Ae. Caspius	Up to 1500 estimated cases, with 128 confirmed cases	Domestic animals (cattle and buffaloes) and humans	Live attenuated Smithburn strain	[27,38,52,60,61]
1997 (April–August)	Importation of animals especially camels from Africa with the absence of effective control measure	Upper Egypt, then spread to all Egyptian provinces	-	7 confirmed cases	Domestic animals (sheep and cattle) and humans	Live attenuated Smithburn strain	[52]
2003 (June–October)	RVFV appeared in the main market of livestock animals in Egypt, where animals were collected from all over the country	Began to appear in four provinces (Kafr El-Sheikh, El-Sharquiya, El-Dakahliya and El-Beheira) in the Nile Delta	Cx. Antennatus	373 confirmed cases, with 112 deaths	Domestic animals (cattle and sheep) and humans	Live attenuated Smithburn strain	[41,52]