Table 1.
A summary of the formed nanostructures via biomolecular self-assembly, and the internal interactions as well as external stimulations.
| Biomolecules | Nanostructures | Interactions | Stimulations | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proteins | ||||
| SP1 | Nanowires | Electrostatic | Micelles | [60] |
| SP1 | Nanowire-QDs | Electrostatic | Enzyme | [61] |
| BSA | NPs | Hydrophobic | Organic | [72] |
| IgG | 2D crystals | Ligand–receptor | - | [99] |
| RIDC3 | Nanotubes/2D Crystals | Zn2+-coordination | pH | [117,118] |
| Amelogenin | Nanospheres | - | pH and temperature | [126] |
| Silk fibroin | Protofibrils/Fibers | - | temperature | [128] |
| A-synuclein | Fibrils | Electrostatic | Ions | [130] |
| Peptides | ||||
| FF | Fibers/Tubes/Rods | Hydrogen bonds | Organic | [21] |
| FF | PNWs-G | Hydrogen bonds and π−π interaction | Organic | [52] |
| VIAGASLWWSEKLVIA | GN-PNF-AgNW | Electrostatic | Ethanol | [58] |
| NapFFKYp | Nanofibers | Hydrophobic | Organic | [65] |
| EAK 16-II | Nanofibers | Electrostatic/hydrophobic | Molecular structure | [66] |
| RGDAEAKAEAKYWYAFAEAKAEAKRGD | PNF-GQDs | π–π/Electrostatic | ethanol | [76] |
| AEAKAEAKYWYAFAEAKAEAK | GO-PNF | π–π/Electrostatic | Ethanol | [33] |
| AEAKAEAKYWYAFAEAKAEAK | GQD-PNF-GO | π–π/Electrostatic | Ethanol | [77] |
| Peptide | Fibers/Aggregates | Ligand–receptor | Enzyme | [96] |
| KLVFFAE | Nanofibers/Tubes | Electrostatic | pH | [112] |
| PA | Micelles/Nanofibers | Electrostatic | pH | [114] |
| C16-KKFFVLK | Nanotubes/Helical ribbons | Hydrogen bonds | Temperature | [125] |
| KLVFFAK | Nanosheets | Electrostatic | Ionic strength | [131] |
| GNNQQNY | Hydrogels | Hydrogen bonds | Enzyme | [152] |
| FFDY(H2PO3) | Fibers/Hydrogels | π–π/Hydrogen bonds | Enzyme | [156] |
| GV3A3E3 | Fibers | Hydrogen bonds/hydrophobic | Light | [157] |
| FF | Nanoplates/belts | Hydrogen bonds/π–π | Light | [158] |
| DNA/RNA | ||||
| DNA | GQDs-ionic liquid (IL)-NF-DNA | π–π interactions | Enzyme | [81] |
| DNA | GO-DNA | π–π interactions | Temperature | [82] |
| DNA | Hydrogels | Clamped hybridization | - | [24] |
| DNA | 2D lattices | base pairing | Buffer/Mg2+ | [83] |
| DNA | Tiles | base pairing | Mg2+ | [84] |
| DNA | Nanowires/Sheets | base pairing | - | [85] |
| DNA | 2D arrays | base pairing | Ni2+ | [132] |
| DNA | Capsules | base pairing | Light | [159] |
| DNA | Origami | base pairing | Light | [160] |
| DNA | Origami | base pairing | Light | [161] |
| RNA | Tetrahedrons | RNA packing | - | [91] |
| RNA | Triangles | RNA packing | - | [92] |
| RNA | Lattices/Tubes | RNA packing | - | [93] |
| PNA | Fibers | π–π and base pairing | - | [94] |
| Virus | ||||
| CCMV | 3D crystals | Ligand-receptor | - | [95] |
| Bacteriophage P22 | P22VLP-NPs | Electrostatic interaction | NPs | [59] |
| Enzymes | ||||
| OxOx/HRP | CRGO-enzyme | Hydrophobic | pH | [73] |
| GOx/CAT | graphene nanodots-porous gold | π-π | Organic | [80] |
| Other biopolymers | ||||
| cholesterol | Microrods/ribbons | - | Polymer | [104] |
| cholesterol | Aggregates | - | Polymer | [105] |
CRGO, chemically reduced graphene oxide.