Table 7.

Summary of the effects of extracts and individual compounds from Onopordum acanthium L.

Part of plant	Extract/compound	Activity	Method	Reference
Aerial part	hexane, aqueous-methanol, chloroform/pinoresinol, medioresinol, syringaresinol, hispidulin, nepetin, apigenin, luteolin	anti-inflammatory	activity on the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB1 1 (real-time PCR 2), inhibitory effect on the production of NO (Griess assay method), 5-LOX (EIA 3), COX-1, and COX-2 (EIA 3)	[24]
	ethanol		cotton pellet-induced granuloma model and caoline-induced paw edema model per rats	[65]
Leaves	aqueous	antitumor, cytotoxicity	NK 4 activity of splenic lymphoid cells isolated from spleens of eight- to 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. Splenic cells provide cytotoxic effect on YAC 5 cells detected by 51Cr-release assay	[57]
			activity of NK 4 cells from human peripheral blood against K562 6 cells by staining viable cells with neutral red solution; production of cytokines IFNγ 7 and TNFα 8 by ELISA 9	[61]
			the toxicity of aqueous extract was measured on eight- to 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. The blood was haematologically tested each week (haemoglobin, hematocrit, amount of white blood cells) and biochemical tests were performed (glucose, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, direct and total bilirubin). NK 4 activity of splenic lymphoid cells isolated from BALB/C mice spleen those were treated by plant extract for three weeks. Splenic cells have a cytotoxic effect on YAC 5 cells detected by 51Cr-release assay	[67]
	methanol		trypan blue exclusion test using cell culture U-373 10	[59]
	chloroform		MTT 11 assay using cell cultures: HeLa 12, A431 13, and MCF7 14	[58]
		anti-inflammatory	formaline-induced edema model per albino rats	[66]
	methanol. ethanol, acetone	antiradical	DPPH 15 antioxidant assay	[21]
	ethyl acetate	antibacterial	gram-negative cultures Allivibrio fischeri, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, and Escherichia coli; gram-positive cultures Bacillus subtilis strain F1276, Lactobacillus plantarum, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) by TLC 16 and OPLC 17 direct bioautography	[35]
	butanol	antiradical	DPPH 15 antioxidant assay	[22]
		anti-inflammatory	carrageenan-induced edema model on four groups per six Wistar rats
		antipyretic	decrease of pyretic effect induced by injection of brewer’s yeast 20% to rats
		analgesic	abdominal cramps in mice 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 1% acetic acid
Stems	aqueous	antitumor	NK 4 activity of splenic lymphoid cells isolated from spleens of eight- to 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. Splenic cells exert a cytotoxic effect on the YAC 5 cells detected by 51Cr-release assay	[57]
			activity of NK 4 cells from human peripheral blood against K562 6 cells by staining viable cells with neutral red solution; production of cytokines IFNγ 7 and TNFα 8 by ELISA 9	[61]
			the toxicity of aqueous extract was measured on eight- to 10-week-old BALB/C female mice. The blood was haematologically tested each week at (haemoglobin, hematocrit, amount of white blood cells) and biochemical tests were conducted (glucose, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, direct and total bilirubin). NK 4 activity of splenic lymphoid cells isolated from BALB/C mice spleen those were treated by plant extract for three weeks. Splenic cells exert a cytotoxic effect on YAC 5 cells detected by 51Cr-release assay	[67]
Inflorescences	aqueous	antiradical	ABTS 18 antioxidant assay	[62]
	methanol. ethanol, acetone		DPPH 15 antioxidant assay	[21]
	ethanol	regeneration	0.2% ointment with base eucerin using female and male rabbits treated for wounds	[69]
Achenes	methanol/arctiin, isochlorogenic acid	anti-inflammatory	real-time PCR 2 and ELISA 9 using cell culture HUVECtert 19	[29]
	water-methanol/(E)-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1 H-isochromen-7-yl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (“onopordia”)	antiradical	DPPH 15 antioxidant assay	[20,55]
		inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	RP-HLPC 20, molecular docking, fluorescent assay; treatment of 20 patients between 30–60 years in age with stage I–II hypertension by capsules with 1 g of dry extract for eight weeks	[20,55,68]
	methanol	antibacterial	gram-negative cultures Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and gram-positive cultures Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus byagar disc diffusion method	[64]
Roots	hexane, aqueous-methanol, chloroform/4β,15-Dihydro-3-dehydrozaluzanin C, zaluzanin C, 4β,15,11β,13-Tetrahydrozaluzanin C, nitidanin diisovalerianate, 13-Oxo-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid, 24-methylenecholesterol	cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory	XTT 20 viability assay, activity on the expression of COX-2 and NF-κB1 1 (real-time PCR 2), inhibitory effect on the production of NO (Griess assay method), 5-LOX (EIA 3), COX-1 and COX-2 (EIA 3)	[24]
	chloroform	antitumor	MTT 11 assay using cell cultures: HeLa 12, A431 13, MCF7 14	[58]
	4β,15-dihydro-3-dehydrozaluzanin C		MTT 11 assay using cell culture HL-60 22	[60]

¹ Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,² Polymerase chain reaction, ³ Enzyme immuno assay, ⁴ Natural killer cells, ⁵ Virus-induced murine T cell lymphoma, ⁶ Human immortalised myelogenous leukemia cell line, ⁷ Interferon gamma, ⁸ Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ⁹ Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ¹⁰ Human glioblastoma cell line, ¹¹ [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, ¹² Cervix epithelial adenocarcinoma, ¹³ Skin epidermoid carcinoma, ¹⁴ Breast epithelial adenocarcinoma, ¹⁵ 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ¹⁶ Thin layer chromatography, ¹⁷ Offline overpressure layer chromatography, ¹⁸ 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ¹⁹ Immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial cells, ²⁰ Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, ²¹ 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide, ²² Human leukemia cells