Table 2.

Dissolution media in Pharmacopoeias and Guidelines resembling the upper GI tract.

GI Site Represented	Suggested Prandial State	Media	Complexity	References
Stomach	Fasted	pH 1.0–1.5	Low	[87,89,90,91]
		pH < 4.0 + Surfactant(s)	Medium	[79,87]
		pH < 4.0 + Enzymes (pepsin)	High	[87,89]
	Fed	Stomach pH + Physiological Surfactant(s)	Medium	[79]
No specific site	Fasted	pH 4.5	Low	[79,87,90,92]
	Fed	pH > 4.0 and < 6.8 + Enzymes (Papain)	High	[89]
Small intestines	Fasted	pH 5.5, 5.8, 6.5, 6.8 *, 7.2, 7.5	Low	[87,89,90]
		Intestinal pH + Physiological Surfactant(s)	Medium	[79]
	Fed	Intestinal pH + Physiological Surfactant(s)	Medium	[79]
		pH ≥ 6.8 + Enzymes (Pancreatic powder)	High	[87,89]

* pH 6.8 is the most frequently employed pH resembling the small intestines.