Table 1.

Key studies on antibodies directed against albumin.

Reference	Patient cohort	Method of detection	Reported result	Comment
Hauptman et al. (1974)	18 patients with Laennec's cirrhosis and history of alcoholic abuse	Affinity purification of cirrhotic sera by adsorption over albumin-loaded column followed immunoelectrophoresis and immunoblot	7 out of 18 patients had detectable IgA antibodies against albumin	Pts. with antialbumin antibodies showed marked hypoalbuminemia and hypergammaglobulinemia
Hellstrom et al. (1989)	8 patients with hepatitis B (all HbsAgpos, 4 pts. anti-HBepos/HBV-DNAneg)	Ex vivo stimulation of isolated B-cells; supernatants were then assayed by ELISA	In all patients, antialbumin IgG was found in the supernatant
Louzir et al. (1992)	56 patients with HBV-related liver disease (50 pts HBsAg pos, 6 HBsAgneg, and anti-Hbcpos)	Patients' sera were measured by ELISA	In 69.3, 64.5, and 24.2% of the pts, antialbumin antibodies of the IgG, IgA, or IgM class were detected
Lenkei et al. (1980)	275 hepatic patients (“mostly with acute hepatitis”)	Sera were tested by antialbumin (AA) agglutination	51 HbsAgneg pts. with high AA-agglutination titre	Antigen: polymerized albumin
Lindstrom et al. (1978)	19 pts, nine pts with prolonged nitrofurantoin therapy and tailing albumin phenomenon (TA), control sera from ten patients without TA	Sera were tested by ELISA	Patients with TA phenomenon showed higher IgG antialbumin levels (measured as absorbance) compared to patients without TA	Follow-up of one patient with TA and nitrofurantoin available: IgG antialbumin levels decreased after cessation of nitrofurantoin
Onica et al. (1983)	8 healthy individuals, 25 patients with various liver disease (14 pts acute viral hepatitis, 8 pts chronic hepatitis, and 3 pts liver cirrhosis)	Affinity purification of sera by adsorption over albumin-loaded column followed radioimmunoassay and immunodiffusion	3 healthy individuals showed antialbumin antibodies (IgG/IgM/no IgA); 10 patients harbored antialbumin antibodies (IgG/IgM/no IgA)	Antigen: polymerized albumin
Tamura et al. (1982)	54 healthy controls, 77 patients with liver disease (8 acute hepatitis, 15 chronic persistent hepatitis, 14 chronic active hepatitis without liver cirrhosis (LC), 16 alcoholic LC, 9 nonalcoholic LC, and 15 hepatocellular carcinoma)	Antibodies in sera or protein fractions were detected with microhaemagglutination assay	Antibodies to human albumin were found in 22% of the patients, antibodies to bovine serum albumin in 48% of the patients
Brown et al. (1985)	Four groups; group I: 19 healthy individuals who never received immunotherapy or exogenous albumin. Group II: 8 individuals who had received exogenous albumin in the past but no immunotherapy; group III: 26 patients who had received immunotherapy not containing albumin and no exogenous albumin Group IV: 215 patients who had received immunotherapy containing albumin	Antibodies were detected in sera by ELISA	Individuals exposed to albumin did not harbor increased antialbumin titres compared to individuals who were never exposed to albumin
Bosse et al. (2005)	500 healthy individuals received repeated intramuscular injections in weekly intervals; 30 healthy subjects received intravenous albumin infusions	Antialbumin antibodies were assayed by ELISA from sera	Treatment did not change or increase antibody titres	Double-blind, randomized trial
Mangili et al. (1988)	29 patients with diabetes type 1; 20 healthy individuals	Antialbumin antibodies were assayed by ELISA from sera	Antibodies (IgG/IgM) against modified (glucitol-albumin, ketoamin-albumin) and unmodified albumin were found in both diabetic and healthy individuals; higher titres were more common in diabetic patients
Raghav et al. (2017)	50 patients with type 1 diabetes, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes, 50 patients with gestational diabetes, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, and 50 healthy controls	Antialbumin antibodies were assayed by ELISA from sera	Patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes showed increased levels of antibodies directed against glycated albumin