Table 1. Summary of all studies included in systematic review.
| Study # | Reference | Study design | Sample size | Sample characteristics | Intervention Description | Frequency and duration | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Progressive Resistance Training | |||||||
| 1 | Roubenoff et al. [1] | QE | 21 | Mean age: 38.8 ± 7.8, 92% on ART | 50% 1-RM (3 sets x 8 reps) 1st session, 60% 1-RM (3 sets × 8 reps) 2nd session to 75-80% 1-RM (3 sets × 8 reps) in rest of sessions. | 3×/wk for 8 wks (24 sessions) | None |
| 2 | Lindegaard et al. [2] ** | RCT | 10 | Men only with LD Mean age: 45.9 ± 8, 100% on ART | 5 min. warm up; 45-60 min. 50% 1-RM (3 sets × 12 reps) to 80% 1-RM (4 sets × 8 reps) | 3×/wk for 16 wks (48 sessions) | None |
| 3 | Yarasheski et al. [3] | QE | 18 | Asymptomatic men Mean age: 42 ± 2 100% ART | 50-65% 1-RM, (2-3 sets × 10 reps) to 75-85% 1-RM (3-4 sets × 5-8 reps) | 4×/wk for 16 wks (64 sessions) | None |
| Progressive Aerobic Training | |||||||
| 4 | Stringer et al. [4]** | RCT | Total 26 CTRL8 MAT 9 HAT 9 | Mean age: 36 ± 9 94% on ART | 1 hr of MAT at 80% LAT, determined by CPET. Shorter time of HAT at 50% of the difference between LAT and VO2 MAX, equivalent to total work per session of MAT group | HAT vs. MAT 3×/wk, for 6 wks (18 sessions) | Advised to maintain current activity |
| 5 | Thoni et al. [5] | QE | Total 17 | With LD Mean age: 44.2 ± 2.3, 100% ART | 45 min on stationary bike at HR corresponding to VO2 MAX | 2×/wk for 16 wks (32 sessions) | None |
| 6 | Smith et al. [6] and Neidig et al. [7] | RCT | Total 42 CTRL 24 EXS 18 | Asymptomatic and symptomatic of having AIDS Mean age: 36±7 78% on ART | 20 min warm up walking or jogging; 30 min of bike, stepper or cross-country machine at 60-80% of VO2 MAX on the GXT; 10 min cool down | 3×/wk for 12 wks (36 sessions) | Waiting list |
| 7 | Lindegaard et al. [2] ** | RCT | Total 8 | Men with LD Mean age: 53.1 ± 8.4, 100% on ART | 5 min warm up; 35 min IT at 50-100% VO2 MAX: 65% VO2 MAX first 8 wks to 75% VO2 MAX last 8 wks | 3×/wk for 16 wks (48 sessions) | None |
| 8 | Mutimura et al. [8] and [9] | RCT | Total 97 CTRL 49 EXS 48 | With BFR Mean age: 37.65 ± 2, 100% on ART | 15 min warm up brisk walking; 45-60 min jogging, running, stair climbing. From 45% MHR in 1st 3 wks and 60% MHR in next 6 wks; to 75% MHR in remaining wks. Lower back and abdominal stabilization and strengthening, 15 min cool down | 3×/wk for 24 wks (72 sessions) | Non-exercise, not described |
| 9 | Ezema et al. [10] | RCT | CTRL 15 EXS 15 | Mean age: 38.8 (9.98) on EXS; 40.07 (9.72) on CTRL | 45-60 min treadmill (60-79% HR reserve) | 3×/wk, 8 wks | Conventional therapy only. Advised to maintain current activity |
| CARET | |||||||
| 10 | Hand et al. [11] | RCT | Total 40 CTRL 19 EXS 21 | Mean age: 41.8 ± 1.9 62-84% on ART | 5 min warm up, 30 min AT (50-70% MHR), 20 min. RT × 12 reps, 5 min cool down | 2×/wk, for 6 wks (12 sessions) | Read book, watch TV and talk at gym |
| 11 | Galantino et al. [12] | RCT | Total 38 CTRL 12 EXS 13 Tai Chi 13 | Men with AIDS Age range: 20-60 100% on ART | EXS: 10 min warm up and flexibility, 15 min low impact AT at 60-70% MHR and 10 min. progressive RT Tai Chi: 10 min. seated meditation, 25 min. Chi movement of T'ai Ji drum, opening posture, looking in both directions for the healing and flying posture, 10 min healing Chi | 2×/wk for 8 wks (16 sessions) | Maintain normal activities |
| 12 | Jones et al. [13] | QE | 6 | Mean age: 40.7 ± 13.9 100% on ART | Warm up, 20 min AT on bike at 70% MHR; and 60 min. RT, 3 sets × 10 reps upper and lower body | 3×/wk for 10 wks (30 sessions) | None |
| 13 | Gomes et al. [14] | Non-randomized CT | Total 29 CTRL 10 EXS 19 | Mean age: 45 ± 2 100% ART | 30 min of AT on treadmill or bike at <150 bpm; 50 min of RT, 3 sets × 12 reps at 60-80% 12-RM; 10 min flexibility exercises, 2 sets × 30s at max range of motion | 3×/wk for 12 wks (36 sessions) | Drop outs and waiting list |
| 14 | Tiozzo et al. [15] | RCT | Total 23 CTRL 11 EXS 12 | Mean age: 45.5 ± 7 100% on ART | 15-20 min AT on stationary treadmill or bicycle ergometer at 60% MHR for the first 2 wks, 5-45 min at 65% MHR the next 4 wks, 5-50 min at 70% MHR for 3 wks, and 5-50 min at 75% MHR last 3 wks. Each session: either 5-10 min of core exercises OR RT at 1-RM, 1-3 sets × 10-20 reps for 15-20 min in first 2 wks, and 20-50 min. in the remaining wks, lower and upper body exercises | 3×/wk for 12 wks (36 sessions) | Telephone contact |
| 15 | Robinson et al. [16] | QE | 5 | With abdominal adipose tissue accumulation. Mean age: 44 ± 3.8 100% on ART | 2 week pre-intervention training to reach Rx. Three progressive AT sessions per week (5 min warm up, 20 min brisk walk, jog or run on treadmill to reach 70-80% VO2 max, 5 min cool down) and 2 RT sessions (1 set × 8-10 reps at 60-80% 1-RM) | 3×/wk for 16 s wks (48 sessions) | None |
| 16 | Dolan et al. [17] | RCT | Total 38 CTRL19 EXS 19 | Women with WHR > 0.85 and BFR. Mean age: 41.5 ± 2 80-85% on ART | Supervised home based 5 min. warm up on bike at 50% MHR, flexibility exercises, 20 min AT at 60% MHR for 2 wks then 30 min. at 75% MHR for 14 wks; 20 min. RT of lower and upper body at 60% 1-RM for 2 wks 3 sets × 10, 70% 1-RM for 2 more wks 4 sets × 8, and 80% 1-RM for 10 wks 4 sets × 8 | 3×/wk for 16 wks (48 sessions) | Maintain normal activities |
| 17 | Roubenoff et al. [18] | QE | 10 | Men with self-reported increase in ab-dominal girth. Mean age: 32.2 Range: 23-56 90% on ART | 20 min. AT on treadmill or stationary bicycle, 1 hr. RT at 80% 1-RM of major muscle groups of legs, back and arms. Progression based on 1-RM in proper form | 3×/wk for 16 wks (48 sessions), once in supervised classes and twice on their own | None |
| 18 | Fillipas et al. [19] | RCT | Total 35 CTRL 18 EXS 17 | Men only. Mean age: 43.5 ± 8.85 Range: 31-71 60-65% on ART | 5 min. warm up, 20 min AT on bike, treadmill, stepper or cross trainer from 60% MHR to 75%MHR; 30 min RT on machines and with free weights for upper and lower body and core from 60% 1-RM to 80% 1-RM, 3 sets ×10 reps with 2 sec. rest period between reps and 1-2 min between sets, and 2-4 min between exercises; 5 minute cool down Progression based on RPE | 2×/wk for 24 wks (48 sessions) s | 20 min walking |
** = Although researchers of the original study referred to it as a RCT, for the purposes of this review, it has been reported as a QE study due to its lack of control group; * = previously validated in prior HIV studies at harbor UCLA medical center; 1-RM = one repetition maximum; AIDS: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; ART = antiretroviral therapy; AT = aerobic training; BFR = body fat redistribution; bpm = beats per minute; CPET = cardiopulmonary exercise test; CTRL = control; EXS = exercise; GXT = graded exercise test; HAT = heavy aerobic training; HR = heart rate; hr = hour; IT = interval training; LAT = lactic acid threshold defined as the VO2 above which the VCO2 output increased faster than the VO2; LD = lipodystrophy; MAT = moderate aerobic training; MHR = max heart rate; min = minute(s); QE = quasi-experimental; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RPE = Borg’s ratings of perceived exertion; RT = resistance training; VO2 MAX = maximal oxygen consumption; wks = weeks; x/wk = times per week.