Table 2. Summary of study results according to exercise intervention and outcome.
| Study # | Reference | Exercise intervention | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disease progression | |||
| 1 | Roubenoff et al. [1] | RT | NS changes in CD4 cell count or HIV RNA viral load |
| 4 | Stringer et al. [4] ** | AT | NS changes in CD4 cell count and HIV RNA viral load Significant improvement of skin test for Candida albicans antigen in MAT group compared to CTRL |
| 6 | Smith et al. [6] and Neidig et al. [7] | AT | NS changes in CD4+ cell count or HIV RNA viral load |
| 8 | Mutimura et al. [8] and [9] | AT | NS changes in CD4+ cell count. |
| 9 | Ezema et al. [10] | AT | Significant increase in CD4+ cell count |
| 13 | Gomes et al. [14] | CARET | NS changes in CD4+ cell count |
| 14 | Tiozzo et al. [15] | CARET | CD4+ cell count-significant decrease in CTRL group, no change in EXS group NS changes in HIV RNA |
| 16 | Dolan et al. [17] | CARET | NS changes in CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA viral load |
| 18 | Fillipas et al. [19] | CARET | NS changes in CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA viral load |
| Aerobic capacity | |||
| 4 | Stringer et al. [4] ** | AT | Significant improvement of VO2 MAX, LAT, and endurance, as measured by peak work rate, in HAT group Significant improvement in VO2 MAX and LAT in MAT group |
| 5 | Thoni et al. [5] | AT | Significant improvement of VO2 MAX, VO2 threshold, and RE O2 max |
| 6 | Smith et al. [6] and Neidig et al. [7] | AT | NS improvement in RPE, FEV1 or VO2 MAX Significant improvement of endurance, as measured by time on a treadmill, compared to CTRL |
| 7 | Lindegaard et al. [2] ** | AT | Significant improvement of VO2 MAX |
| 8 | Mutimura et al. [8] and [9] | AT | Significant improvement of VO2 MAX, HR, and RPE in EXS group |
| 10 | Hand et al. [11] | CARET | VO2 max, %FAI, peak HR, and endurance (treadmill time) significantly improved in EXS group compared to CTRL |
| 12 | Jones et al. [13] | CARET | Endurance (not specified) significantly improved |
| 14 | Tiozzo et al. [15] | CARET | VO2 max post intervention was significantly improved in the EXS group compared to CTRL |
| 15 | Robinson et al. [16] | CARET | NS improvement in VO2 max |
| 16 | Dolan et al. [17] | CARET | VO2 max and endurance (as measured by the submaximal bike exercise test) significantly improved in EXS compared to CTRL |
| 18 | Fillipas et al. [19] | CARET | HR (measured by Kasch pulse recovery test) significantly improved in EXS compared to CTRL |
| Strength | |||
| 1 | Roubenoff et al. [1] | RT | Significant increase of 1-RM after intervention |
| 2 | Lindegaard et al. [2]** | RT | Significant increase of 1-RM after intervention |
| 3 | Yarasheski et al. [3] | RT | Significant increase of 1-RM after intervention |
| 7 | Lindegaard et al. [2] ** | AT | Significant increase of 1-RM after intervention |
| 12 | Jones et al. [13] | CARET | 1-RM significantly improved |
| 14 | Tiozzo et al. [15] | CARET | Upper and lower body 1-RM post-intervention was significantly improved in the EXS group compared to CTRL |
| 15 | Robinson et al. [16] | CARET | 1-RM significantly improved for the sum of seven resistance exercises |
| 16 | Dolan et al. [17] | CARET | 1-RM significantly improved in EXS compared to CTRL |
| 17 | Roubenoff et al. [18] | CARET | 1-RM significantly improved |
| Physical functioning | |||
| 11 | Galantino et al. [12] | CARET | Significant group by time interaction and test for simple main effect for time for both groups in functional reach, sit and reach, and sit up tests Significant group by time interaction in climbing one flight of stairs, climbing 3 flights of stairs |
| 16 | Dolan et al. [17] | CARET | 6 min walking distance test significantly improved in EXS compared to CTRL |
| Mental health | |||
| 6 | Smith et al. [6] and Neidig et al. [7] | AT | Decrease in depressive symptoms in EXS group as measured by CES-D and POMS No change in depressive symptoms as measured by BDI |
| 11 | Galantino et al. [12] | CARET | Significant main effect for time in confusion, bewilderment and tension anxiety for POMS Overall PMS scale was not significant SWBS improved in the 3 groups but NS compared to each other |
| QOL | |||
| 4 | Stringer et al. [4] ** | AT | Significant improvement of QOL questionnaire subset* in both groups compared to CTRL |
| 8 | Mutimura et al. [8] and [9] | AT | Significant improvement in WHOQOL-HIV BREF regarding psychological, independence, social relationships, HIV HAART specific and overall QOL in EXS group, compared to control |
| 11 | Galantino et al. [12] | CARET | MOS-HIV survey showed improvement in QOL both EXS and Tai Chi groups |
| 13 | Gomes et al. [14] | CARET | NS change in life satisfaction index |
| 14 | Tiozzo et al. [15] | CARET | SF-36 showed improvement in physical functioning and mental health post intervention in EXS compared to CTRL |
** = Although researchers of the original study referred to it as a RCT, for the purposes of this review, it has been reported as a QE study due to its lack of control group;
* = previously validated in prior HIV studies at harbor UCLA medical center; 1-RM = one repetition maximum; AT= aerobic training; bpm = beats per minute; BDI = beck depression inventory; CARET = combined aerobic and resistance exercise training; CES-D = the center for epidemiological studies-depression questionnaire; CTRL = control; EXS = exercise; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume at 1second; GXT = graded exercise test; HAT = heavy aerobic training; HR = heart rate; hr = hour; LAT = lactic acid threshold defined as the VO2 above which the VCO2 output increased faster than the VO2; MAT = moderate aerobic training; MHR = max heart rate; min = minute(s); POMS = profile of mood states depression scale; QE = quasi-experimental; QOL = quality of life; RE O2 max = respiratory equivalent for maximum oxygen consumption; RPE = Borg’s ratings of perceived exertion; RT = resistance training;; VCO2 = carbon dioxide volume;VO2 MAX = maximal oxygen consumption; VO2 threshold : oxygen consumption threshold; WHOQOL-HIV BREF = world health organization quality of life HIV short.