Table 3. Studies evaluating prognostic and/or predictive role of VEGF in GBM.
| Author, year | No. GBM cases | Treatment | Assay Technique | Prognostic/predictive value | Proposed molecular mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tuettenberg et al, 2005 [46] | 12 | Stupp + rofecoxib | IHC | none | NA |
| Pope et al, 2008 [47] | 52 | Stupp | micro-array | none | NA |
| Flynn et al, 2008 [48] | 62 | Stupp | IHC | Overexpression: ↓ (for OS) | GLUT-1 coexpression, hypoxia |
| Kesari et al, 2008 [49] | 47 | Stupp + thalidomide and celecoxib | ELISA | High serum levels: ↓ (for OS) | none |
| Sathornsumetee et al, 2008 [50] | 27 | bev + CPT-11 (recurrence) | IHC | Overexpression: ↑ (for response) | targeted therapy |
| Reardon et al, 2009 [51] | 27 | bev + etoposide (recurrence) | IHC | Overexpression: ↑ (for OS) | targeted therapy |
| Sie et al, 2009 [52] | 62 | Stupp | IHC | none | NA |
| D’Alessandris et al, 2013 [8] | 10 | bev + erlotinib (recurrence) | IHC | overexpression: ↑ (for response) | tailored therapy |
| D’Alessandris et al, 2015 [14] | 25 | bev (recurrence) | PCR | total VEGF and VEGF-121: ↓ (for PFS) | Heavier VEGF isoforms are the main target of bev |
| Irshad et al, 2015 [53] | 35 | NA | PCR | activation of hypoxia cascade (incl. VEGF): ↓ (for OS) | Oncogenic role of hypoxia |
| Zhao et al 2016 [54] | 86 | Stupp | IHC | VEGF-C overexpression: ↓ (for OS) | VEGF-C stimulates NRP2 in paracrine/ autocrine loop |
↓
negative prognostic/predictive value;
↑
positive prognostic/predictive value.
bev, bevacizumab; CPT-11, irinotecan; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; IHC, immunohistochemistry; NA, not available; NRP2, neuropilin-2;
OS, overall survival; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PFS, progression-free survival; RT, radiotherapy; TMZ, temozolomide; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.