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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1420–1427. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09440

Figure 1. Survival Curves for Substance Use and Smoking (N=149).

Figure 1.

While adjusting for SES and parental history of SUD, probands with BPD, compared to controls, reported a significantly higher rate of lifetime SUD (35 (51%) vs. 21 (26%), Hazard Ratio (HR) =2.1;95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.2, 3.8; p = 0.001). Subject with BPD also had higher rates of alcohol use disorders (abuse or dependence;HR:2.6; 95% CI:1.3, 5.0; p = 0.006), drug use disorders (HR:2.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 5.1; p = 0.007) and cigarette smoking (smoking (HR:3.2; 95% CI: 1.6, 6.7; p = 0.001).