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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 11.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1420–1427. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14m09440

Figure 2. Substance Use and Cigarette Smoking (N=149).

Figure 2.

While adjusting for SES and parental history of SUD, we found that those with persistent BPD had the highest risk for SUD and cigarette smoking compared to those with non-persistent BPD and controls (SUD: Non-persisdent vs. controls: HR: 1.6; 95% CI: 0.7, 3.5; p = 0.25; presisdent vs. controls: HR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.6; p = 0.005; presisdent vs. non-persisdent: HR: 1.5; 95% CI: 0.7, 3.2; p = 0.25; Cigarette Smoking: Non-presistent vs. controls: HR: 2.1; 95% CI: 0.9, 5.3; p = 0.11; Persistent vs. controls: HR: 4.1; 95% CI: 1.9, 8.9; p < 0.001; persistent vs. non-persistent: HR: 2.0; 95% CI: 0.9, 4.9; p = 0.09).