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. 2019 Mar 4;10:245. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00245

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Copyright © 2019 Zhou, Yang, Wang, Fu, Chen, Hu, Yamagishi and Ren.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nitrogen derived from fertilizer and environment (2014, ¹⁵N tracing). TFA: Traditional nitrogen fertilizer application; OFA: optimized nitrogen fertilizer application; Ndff: nitrogen derived from fertilizer; Ndfe: nitrogen derived from the environment; TN: total nitrogen uptake; Data represent mean values of three biological replicates ± SE. “^∗” indicates significant difference between treatments at the 0.05 probability level.