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. 2019 Feb 15;116(10):4156–4165. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1804597116

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Intuition behind the X-learner with an unbalanced design. (A) Observed outcome and first-stage base learners. (B) Imputed treatment effects and second-stage base learners. (C) ITEs and CATE estimators.