Table 4.
Odd Ratios for Child Sleep Quality, Separate by Type of Problem, During Overall Childhood from 18 to 115 Months (95% Confidence Interval): Main Variables.
| Refuses going to bed | Woken up early | Difficulty going to sleep | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Cse/none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Vocational | 0.96 [0.87–1.05] | NS | 0.82 [0.75–0.90] | <.001 | 1.09 [1.00–1.20] | .06 |
| O-level | 0.73 [0.68–0.78] | <.001 | 0.7 [0.65–0.75] | <.001 | 0.98 [0.92–1.06] | NS |
| A-level | 0.61 [0.56–0.66] | <.001 | 0.65 [0.61–0.71] | <.001 | 0.92 [0.85–1.00] | .045 |
| Degree | 0.54 [0.49–0.59] | <.001 | 0.57 [0.52–0.63] | <.001 | 0.9 [0.82–0.99] | .033 |
| Material deprivation | 1.04 [1.02–1.07] | .001 | 1.06 [1.04–1.09] | <.001 | 1.02 [1.00–1.05] | .051 |
| Income quartile | ||||||
| First quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Second quartile | 0.87 [0.81–0.93] | <.001 | 0.96 [0.90–1.02] | NS | 0.99 [0.93–1.06] | NS |
| Third quartile | 0.8 [0.75–0.86] | <.001 | 0.82 [0.77–0.88] | <.001 | 0.91 [0.85–0.97] | .006 |
| Fourth quartile | 0.83 [0.77–0.90] | <.001 | 0.88 [0.81–0.95] | .001 | 0.93 [0.86–1.00] | .061 |
| N | 39731 | 39702 | 39674 | |||
| Nightmares | Continuously wakes up | Waken up after few hours | ||||
| OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | OR [95% CI] | P-value | |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Cse/none | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Vocational | 1.06 [0.96–1.17] | NS | 1.02 [0.93–1.12] | NS | 0.92 [0.82–1.03] | NS |
| O-level | 1 [0.92–1.08] | NS | 0.89 [0.83–0.96] | .002 | 0.7 [0.64–0.77] | <.001 |
| A-level | 0.98 [0.90–1.07] | NS | 0.89 [0.82–0.96] | .003 | 0.61 [0.55–0.68] | <.001 |
| Degree | 1.02 [0.92–1.13] | NS | 0.83 [0.75–0.92] | <.001 | 0.53 [0.46–0.60] | <.001 |
| Material deprivation | 0.99 [0.96–1.01] | NS | 1.09 [1.07–1.12] | <.001 | 1.09 [1.05–1.12] | <.001 |
| Income quartile | ||||||
| First quartile | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Second quartile | 0.89 [0.82–0.95] | .001 | 0.91 [0.85–0.98] | .01 | 0.84 [0.77–0.92] | <.001 |
| Third quartile | 0.86 [0.80–0.93] | <.001 | 0.88 [0.82–0.94] | <.001 | 0.78 [0.71–0.86] | <.001 |
| Fourth quartile | 0.88 [0.81–0.95] | .002 | 0.93 [0.86–1.01] | .08 | 0.75 [0.67–0.83] | <.001 |
| N | 39544 | 39645 | 39660 | |||
Notes: Logistic regression models. Other controls: mother’s age, child gender, child ethnicity, first born, mother’s employment, parents’ divorced or separated, father’s education, single-adult household, no. of children in the household, a dummy for birthweight < 2500 g and a dummy for gestation week <37, maternal anxiety, sleep, and depression during pregnancy.