Table 3.
Results from linear regression models for associations between 4 different sleep timing variables and 5 metabolic health measures (n = 13429).
| BMI, kg/m2, Regression coefficient (SE) | Log of fasting glucose, Regression coefficient (SE) | Log of HOMA− Insulin Resistance, Regression coefficient (SE) | 2−hr glucose, mg/dl, Regression coefficient (SE) | HbA1c, Regression coefficient (SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weekly bedtimeb (per clock hour) | −0.0895 (0.046) | Diabetesc: 0.0266 (0.009)d No diabetes: 0.0010 (0.001) |
0.0128 (0.007) | −0.4410 (0.218)e | Diabetes: 0.0691 (0.0363) No diabetes: −0.0066 (0.0036) |
| Weekly wake timeb (per clock hour) | −0.0008 (0.046) | 0.0026 (0.001)e | 0.0133 (0.007) | −0.1250 (0.212) | 0.0032 (0.005) |
| Weekly sleep midpointf (per clock hour) | −0.0664 (0.041) | Diabetesc: 0.0232 (0.009)e No diabetes: 0.0012 (0.001) |
0.0145 (0.006)e | −0.3283 (0.235) | 0.0008 (0.005) |
| Chronotypef (per clock hour) | −0.0120 (0.035) | 0.0017 (0.001) | 0.0118 (0.005)e | −0.1740 (0.186) | 0.0008 (0.004) |
aResults are stratified by individuals without diabetes and those with diabetes but who are not taking medication only when interaction terms were significant.
bAdjusted for age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background group, study site, income, education, household size, years in US ( < 10 vs ≥10 y), marital status, sleep duration, AHI category ( < 15 vs ≥15), diabetes, employment/shift work status.
cThe effect by diabetes status based on the model with interaction term.
d p < 0.01.
e p < .05.
fAdjusted for age, sex, Hispanic/Latino background group, study site, income, education, household size, years in US ( < 10 vs. ≥10 years), marital status, AHI category ( <15 vs. ≥15), diabetes, employment/shift work status.
g p < .001.