Table I.

Metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of patients with T2D, patients with T2D without treatment (have not use oral hypoglycemics), prediabetic patients and healthy controls.

	T2D patients n = 476	T2D patients without treatment n = 109	Pre-diabetic patients n=53	Healthy controls n=360	p T2D+/T2D-	p T2D+/preD	p T2D+/ctrl	p T2D-/preD	p T2D-/ctrl	p preD/ctrl
Male/ Female ratio	169 / 277	46/63	26/27	128 / 209
Age (years)	55.30 ± 0.478	56.89 ± 1.015	52.00 ± 1.448	48.95 ± 0.477	0.362	0.851	<0.001	0.299	<0.001	0.004
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	9.30 ± 0.190	8.76 ± 0.275	8.05 ± 1.319	5.12 ± 0.503	0.686	<0.001	<0.001	0.003	<0.001	<0.001
HbA1c (%)	7.61 ± 0.082	7.78 ± 0.140	6.04 ± 0.138	5.53 ± 0.055	0.510	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	15.47 ±0.761	17.54 ± 1.871	13.92 ±1.289	10.21 ± 0.589	0.728	1.000	<0.001	0.931	<0.001	0.085
+ HOMA-IR	6.38 ± 0.378	7.16 ± 1.446	4.032 ± 0.428	2.41 ± 0.135	1.000	0.237	<0.001	0.306	<0.001	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	31.02 ± 0.343	30.32 ± 0.565	29.144 ± 0.687	26.75 ± 0.389	0.830	0.701	<0.001	0.974	<0.001	0.070
Waist circumference (cm)	102.28 ±0.779	103.08 ± 1.127	101.90 ± 1.184	94.35 ± 0.807	1.000	0.988	<0.001	0.985	<0.001	0.001
Hip circumference (cm)	109.41 ±0.988	108.62 ± 0.975	109.02 ± 1.086	106.67 ± 0.808	0.308	0.788	0.003	0.990	0.796	0.738
Systolic BP (mm Hg)	137.25 ±1.378	134.43 ± 1.682	132.94 ± 2.352	122.33 ± 1.093	0.077	0.108	<0.001	0.971	<0.001	0.004
Diastolic BP (mm Hg)	88.14 ± 0.521	83.75 ± 0.873	84.50 ± 1.346	79.85 ± 0.498	0.001	0.088	<0.001	0.982	0.003	0.014
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	2.43 ± 0.129	2.35 ± 0.139	1.95 ± 0.138	1.66 ± 0.565	0.984	0.229	<0.001	0.484	<0.001	0.258
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.22 ± 0.076	5.46 ± 0.126	5.11 ± 0.124	5.47 ± 0.077	0.868	0.811	0.010	0.582	0.564	0.075
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.05 ± 0.016	1.16 ± 0.039	1.06 ± 0.042	1.30 ± 0.027	0.324	0.961	<0.001	0.428	<0.001	<0.001
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.34 ± 0.064	3.36 ± 0.120	3.22 ± 0.110	3.54 ± 0.059	0.998	0.100	0.050	0.999	0.441	0.572
VLDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.400 ± 0.159	0.987 ± 0.063	0.755 ± 0.065	0.746 ± 0.049	0.182	0.004	<0.001	0.230	0.003	0.972
hsCRP (mg/L)	5.40 ± 0.507	5.04 ± 1.110	3.60 ± 0.833	3.51 ± 0.189	0.767	0.014	0.002	0.192	0.478	0.640
Fibrinogen (g/L)	3.74 ± 0.092	3.92 ± 0.101	3.52 ± 0.164	3.87 ± 0.407	0.791	0.743	0.258	0.361	0.031	0.999
Leukocytes (109/L)	7.43 ± 0.125	7.92 ± 0.682	6.62 ± 0.275	6.42 ± 0.109	0.999	0.230	<0.001	0.277	<0.001	0.648
Sedimentation (mm/h)	16.62 ± 2.083	18.16 ± 2.145	8.56 ± 1.621	11.61 ± 1.039	0.959	0.018	0.284	0.004	0.079	0.295

^* Values represent mean ± standard error of mean (SEM), p T2D+/T2D -significance between T2D patients and T2D without treatment, p T2D+/preD-significance between T2D patients (treated) and prediabetic patients, p T2D+/ctrl-significance between T2D patients (treated) and healthy controls, p T2D-/preD-significance between T2D without treatment and prediabetic patients, p T2D-/ctrl-significance between T2D without treatment and healthy controls, p preD/ctrl-significance between prediabetic patients and healthy controls. All differences were tested using ANOVA test. BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT – γ-glutamyl transferase. HOMA – IR (homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index) was calculated using the formula: fasting insulin (mU/L) x fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5