Table 3A.
OLS and Neighborhood FE Estimates: Preschool Lead and Third Grade Reading Scores
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geometric mean of lead | −0.456 [0.0256] |
−0.326 [0.0241] |
−0.335 [0.0228] |
−0.306 [0.0225] |
−0.326 [0.0230] |
| Avg. third grade reading score in school × grade | 0.421 [0.0140] |
||||
| Tract 1997 reading score × year | −0.0252 [0.00501] |
||||
| African American | 1.029 [0.959] |
1.580 [0.939] |
1.618 [0.933] |
1.819 [0.898] |
1.748 [0.942] |
| White | 3.910 [0.997] |
3.210 [0.957] |
3.263 [0.950] |
2.810 [0.910] |
3.420 [0.958] |
| Hispanic | −0.178 [0.984] |
0.777 [0.943] |
0.795 [0.927] |
1.155 [0.896] |
0.966 [0.935] |
| Asian | 4.276 [1.049] |
4.915 [1.010] |
4.980 [1.009] |
4.868 [0.979] |
5.140 [1.017] |
| Always free/reduced lunch | −8.224 [0.197] |
−4.806 [0.177] |
−4.687 [0.179] |
−3.834 [0.179] |
−4.705 [0.180] |
| Sometimes free/reduced lunch | −6.163 [0.188] |
−3.759 [0.151] |
−3.664 [0.149] |
−3.206 [0.141] |
−3.653 [0.149] |
| Male | −3.162 [0.0820] |
−3.333 [0.0814] |
−3.320 [0.0813] |
−3.287 [0.0804] |
−3.323 [0.0813] |
| Birth weight in kg | 1.195 [0.0846] |
1.179 [0.0842] |
1.164 [0.0842] |
1.176 [0.0842] |
|
| Mother < high school | −3.590 [0.186] |
−3.546 [0.188] |
−3.204 [0.183] |
−3.550 [0.188] |
|
| Mother high school graduate | −1.475 [0.153] |
−1.444 [0.152] |
−1.344 [0.149] |
−1.450 [0.152] |
|
| Mother college + | 1.750 [0.155] |
1.664 [0.156] |
1.578 [0.155] |
1.676 [0.156] |
|
| Married at birth | 0.521 [0.129] |
0.531 [0.127] |
0.472 [0.129] |
0.531 [0.127] |
|
| Birth order | −0.670 [0.0491] |
−0.671 [0.0496] |
−0.641 [0.0495] |
−0.671 [0.0497] |
|
| Birth weight missing—imputed | 0.721 [0.310] |
0.703 [0.305] |
0.617 [0.299] |
0.739 [0.307] |
|
| Maternal education—imputed | −1.588 [0.328] |
−1.624 [0.327] |
−1.390 [0.316] |
−1.631 [0.329] |
|
| Families with income in 2010 below poverty | −0.947 [1.071] |
2.755 [5.220] |
3.482 [4.533] |
4.896 [5.768] |
|
| Median family income (in $1,000 (2010)) | 5.41e–05 [5.18e–06] |
−5.32e–05 [3.84e–05] |
−2.97e–05 [3.25e–05] |
1.29e–05 [3.95e–05] |
|
| Share of housing built post-1978 | −2.900 [0.695] |
4.783 [4.028] |
2.212 [3.450] |
11.14 [4.342] |
|
| Observations | 70,678 | 70,678 | 70,678 | 70,635 | 70,658 |
| R2 | 0.187 | 0.215 | 0.223 | 0.237 | 0.224 |
| Fixed effect | none | none | census tract | census tract | census tract |
| Number of fixed effects | 233 | 233 | 230 |
Notes: Standard errors clustered on tract are shown in brackets. Estimates from a regression of a child’s third grade reading test score on the child’s average preschool blood lead level. All regressions also include year and month of birth fixed effects.