Table 3B.
OLS and Neighborhood FE Estimates: Preschool Lead and Third Grade Math Scores
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geometric mean of lead | −0.348 [0.0245] |
−0.216 [0.0224] |
−0.220 [0.0218] |
−0.193 [0.0215] |
−0.210 [0.0216] |
| Average third grade math score for school × grade | 0.489 [0.0134] |
||||
| Tract 1997 math score × year | −0.0294 [0.00585] |
||||
| African American | 0.605 [1.020] |
1.198 [0.995] |
1.181 [0.975] |
1.372 [0.922] |
1.326 [0.982] |
| White | 4.764 [1.001] |
4.049 [0.958] |
3.824 [0.941] |
3.232 [0.879] |
3.997 [0.948] |
| Hispanic | 0.550 [0.989] |
1.507 [0.952] |
1.533 [0.943] |
1.844 [0.891] |
1.718 [0.949] |
| Asian | 4.788 [1.033] |
5.434 [1.009] |
5.555 [0.996] |
5.409 [0.940] |
5.731 [1.005] |
| Always free/reduced lunch | −7.632 [0.199] |
−4.152 [0.170] |
−4.136 [0.167] |
−3.239 [0.163] |
−4.154 [0.167] |
| Sometimes free/reduced lunch | −5.992 [0.185] |
−3.465 [0.133] |
−3.410 [0.129] |
−2.925 [0.121] |
−3.401 [0.129] |
| Male | 0.0668 [0.0826] |
−0.132 [0.0813] |
−0.123 [0.0814] |
−0.0909 [0.0796] |
−0.129 [0.0812] |
| Birth weight in kg | 1.501 [0.0792] |
1.489 [0.0782] |
1.487 [0.0774] |
1.487 [0.0782] |
|
| Mother < high school | −3.196 [0.188] |
−3.214 [0.191] |
−2.821 [0.185] |
−3.220 [0.191] |
|
| Mother high school graduate | −1.300 [0.151] |
−1.320 [0.150] |
−1.196 [0.148] |
−1.326 [0.151] |
|
| Mother college+ | 1.931 [0.146] |
1.851 [0.147] |
1.723 [0.143] |
1.859 [0.147] |
|
| Married at birth | 0.706 [0.117] |
0.764 [0.115] |
0.690 [0.113] |
0.763 [0.115] |
|
| Birth order | −0.403 [0.0436] |
−0.418 [0.0438] |
−0.384 [0.0430] |
−0.420 [0.0438] |
|
| Birth weight missing—imputed | 0.637 [0.296] |
0.450 [0.284] |
0.379 [0.282] |
0.484 [0.287] |
|
| Maternal education—imputed | −1.344 [0.282] |
−1.405 [0.276] |
−1.159 [0.271] |
−1.409 [0.278] |
|
| Families with income in 2010 below poverty | −0.257 [1.043] |
6.687 [6.420] |
7.552 [5.000] |
8.855 [6.779] |
|
| Median family income (in $1,000 (2010)) | 5.78e–05 [5.06e–06] |
−2.97e–05 [4.49e–05] |
−1.01e–05 [3.19e–05] |
5.26e–05 [4.18e–05] |
|
| Share of housing built post-1978 | −1.753 [0.912] |
8.404 [4.531] |
4.572 [3.378] |
15.13 [4.850] |
|
| Observations | 70,625 | 70,625 | 70,625 | 70,584 | 70,605 |
| R2 | 0.181 | 0.213 | 0.225 | 0.246 | 0.225 |
| Fixed effect | none | none | census tract | census tract | census tract |
| Number of fixed effects | 233 | 233 | 230 |
Notes: Standard errors clustered on tract are shown in brackets. Estimates from a regression of a child’s third grade math test score on the child’s average preschool blood lead level. All regressions also include year and month of birth fixed effects.