Table 7.

First-Stage Estimates

	All (1)	White (2)	White/Asian/other (3)	Black (4)	Hispanic (5)	Paid lunch (6)	Free lunch (7)
Predicted certificate in home at time of birth	−8.388 [0.904]	−4.619 [1.401]	−5.302 [1.207]	−15.49 [2.219]	−3.389 [1.211]	−3.490 [1.402]	−7.199 [1.027]
Home ever had a certificate	1.165 [0.106]	0.653 [0.157]	0.756 [0.134]	1.958 [0.245]	0.729 [0.143]	0.516 [0.164]	1.063 [0.117]
Observations	70,678	47,668	50,035	6,967	13,674	30,970	39,708
R2	0.200	0.185	0.186	0.210	0.149	0.135	0.155

Notes: Dependent variable is the average blood lead level of the child. Standard errors clustered at the census tract shown are in brackets. The predicted certificate is the instrument for the child’s average blood lead level. Whether the child lived in a home that ever receives a certificate is not an instrument as it is also included in the second stage. The predicted certificate is based on the results presented in Table 5 in which whether a child lives in a home with a certificate is predicted as a function of the child’s family characteristics and the number of certificates issued in the census tract of residence as of the date of the child’s first blood lead test. All covariates listed in Table 3, column 3, included.