Table 3.
JEV MAC-ELISA and JEV RT-qPCR Results for Patient Samples
| JEV MAC-ELISA Result (ISR)a | JEV RT-qPCR Result (Cq Value) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ConvaleScent | Throat Swab | Urine | CSF | Serum | |||||||||
| Patients | Age, y | Sex | Acute Serum | Serum | CSF | NS2A | NS3 | NS2A | NS3 | NS2A | NS3 | NS2A | NS3 |
| A, Retrospective study | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 42 | M | Neg (4.9b) | - | Neg (5.2b) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 2 | 0.5 | M | Neg (1.7) | - | Neg (1.4) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - |
| 3 | 0.7 | F | Neg (1.3) | - | Neg (1.2) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 4 | 20 | F | Neg (1.3) | - | Neg (1.3) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 5 | 40 | F | Neg (1.4) | - | Neg (1.3) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 6 | 20 | M | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.3) | Neg (1.6) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 7 | 22 | F | Neg (1.4) | - | Neg (0.5) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 8 | 17 | F | Neg (5.7) | Pos (13.3) | Pos (39.8) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg |
| 9 | 2 | F | Neg (2.2) | - | Neg (2.4) | - | - | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 10 | 32 | M | Neg (1.6) | Neg (1.6) | Neg (2.7) | - | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 11 | 19 | M | Pos (18.4) | Pos (45.1) | Pos (29.8) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| 12 | 50 | M | Pos (26.0) | Pos (40.8) | Pos (34.2) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| 13 | 0.3 | F | Neg (1.6) | Neg (2.4) | Neg (1.7) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - |
| 14 | 13 | M | Neg (1.4) | Neg (1.8) | Neg (2.2) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 15 | 3 | F | Neg (1.4) | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.9) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | 23 | M | Pos (6.3) | Neg (4.8) | Pos (6.4) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 17 | 0.6 | F | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.3) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 18 | 4 | F | Neg (1.1) | - | Neg (0.7) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 19 | 1.5 | M | Neg (1.2) | Neg (1.2) | Neg (1.3) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 20 | 38 | M | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.3) | Neg (1.2) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - |
| 21 | 13 | M | Pos (11.3) | Pos (27.9) | Pos (60.3) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - |
| 22 | 14 | M | Pos (21.7) | - | Pos (38.2) | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg | Neg |
| 23 | 0.2 | F | Neg (1.3) | Neg (1.3) | Neg (1.3) | Neg | - | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| 24 | 0.1 | M | Neg (1.4) | - | Neg (1.3) | - | Neg | Neg | Neg | - | - | - | - |
| B, Prospective study | |||||||||||||
| 1 | 13 | M | Pos (22.3) | - | Pos (42.8) | Pos (36) | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 2 | 34 | M | Neg (1.8) | - | Neg (2.8) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 3 | 6 | F | Pos (6.4) | - | Pos (40.3) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | - | - |
| 4 | 3.8 | M | Pos (32.6) | - | Pos (48.5) | - | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 5 | 24 | M | Pos (18) | - | Pos (41.8) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 6 | 18 | M | Neg (1.2) | - | Neg (1.3) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 7 | 35 | M | Pos (17.5) | - | Pos (46.8) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 8 | 3 | M | Pos (22.4) | - | Pos (49.9) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 9 | 27 | M | Neg (1.3) | - | Neg (1.3) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 10 | 45 | M | Neg (1.3) | - | Neg (1.3) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 11 | 18 | M | Neg (1.5) | - | Neg (3.1) | Pos (32) | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 12 | 25 | F | Neg (1.5) | - | Neg (1.4) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 13 | 41 | F | Neg (1.1) | Neg (1.4) | Neg (1.4) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 14 | 16 | F | Neg (1.1) | - | Neg (1.4) | Neg | - | Neg | - | - | - | Neg | - |
| 15 | 25 | M | Neg (0.9) | - | Neg (0.6) | Neg | - | Neg | - | - | - | - | - |
| 16 | 55 | F | Neg (5.3) | - | Neg (1.3) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
| 17 | 26 | F | Neg (1.6) | - | Neg (1.4) | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - | Neg | - |
Results from testing throat samples, CSF, and serum, but not urine, have previously been published [9]. “Pos” indicates anti-JEV IgM positive. “Neg” indicates anti-JEV IgM negative or equivocal, with ISR cutoffs calculated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. RT-qPCR “Neg” indicates no amplification curve or curve with a Cq >40. RT-qPCR “Pos” indicates amplification curve with Cq ≤40. Hyphen indicates that no sample was available for testing. NS2A and NS3 are the 2 RT-qPCR assays used for testing, targeting the respective segments of the genome [25]. Positive RT-qPCR results were confirmed by sequencing.
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ISR, immune status ratio; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; MAC-ELISA, anti-JEV IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction.
aAnti-JEV IgM detection using the JE Detect IgM Antibody Capture ELISA Kit (InBios).
bIndicates that a different kit was used for MAC-ELISA testing, as per the laboratory protocol at that time (Cat. No. E-JED01C; Inverness Medical Innovations [formerly Panbio Ltd.], Brisbane, Australia).