. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 11.

Published in final edited form as: Cancer Causes Control. 2008 Jul 10;19(10):1267–1276. doi: 10.1007/s10552-008-9198-6

Table 4.

Multivariate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prostate cancer in relation to history of diabetes according to baseline PSA status, PLCO study

Prostate cancer	PSA negative^b		PSA positive^b
	History of diabetes		History of diabetes
	No	Yes	No	Yes
Total cases	1,022	70	883	83
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.65 (0.51–0.83)	1	1.27(1.01–1.61)
Low grade (Gleason sum <8) cases	925	62	775	73
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.64 (0.49–0.83)	1	1.30 (1.01–1.67)
High grade (Gleason sum ≥8) cases	83	8	90	8
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.83 (0.39–1.73)	1	1.11 (0.52–2.37)
Low stage (stages I–II) cases	897	62	727	63
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.64 (0.50–0.83)	1	1.16 (0.89–1.51)
High stage (stages III–IV) cases	124	8	155	20
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.68 (0.33–1.40)	1	1.90 (1.16–3.10)
Non-aggressive (low grade and low stage) cases	836	57	658	55
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.64 (0.49–0.84)	1	1.12 (0.84–1.50)
Aggressive (high grade or high stage) cases	174	13	209	26
RR (95% CI)^a	1	0.72 (0.41–1.27)	1	1.76 (1.15–2.70)

Relative risk adjusted for age, race, family history of prostate cancer, study center, aspirin use, education, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, and height

PSA positive ≥ 4 ng/ml; negative < 4 ng/ml