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. 2019 Jan 30;54(4):1271–1281. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4704

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Copyright: © Lu et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Schematic diagram of an integrated circuit regarding that AMPK, AKT/mTOR, and apoptosis-related molecular machinery caused by metformin in human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells. p-, phospho; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; p70S6K, ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; AKT, protein kinase B; ROS, reactive oxygen species; BAD, Bcl-2-associated agonist of cell death; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; ΔΨm, mitochondrial membrane potential; Cyto. c, cytochrome c; Apaf-1, apoptotic protease-activating factor-1; z-VAD-fmk, carbobenzoxyvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone.