Table 1.
Associations Between Loneliness and Geospatial Variables, by Zip Code Tabulation Area of Residence
| Pearson Correlation | P Value | |
|---|---|---|
| Economic variables | ||
| Poverty (<200% federal poverty line) | 0.35 | 0.02 |
| Social Deprivation Index scorea | 0.42 | <0.01 |
| Unemployed, % | 0.49 | <0.01 |
| Less than high school education, % | 0.45 | <0.01 |
| Median household income | –0.29 | 0.02 |
| Demographic variables | ||
| Median age | –0.07 | 0.52 |
| Female/male ratio | 0.27 | <0.01 |
| Race (% black) | 0.18 | <0.01 |
| Ethnicity (% Hispanic) | –0.13 | 0.27 |
| Linguistically isolated households, %b | 0.04 | 0.76 |
| Household size 1 person, % | 0.29 | 0.01 |
| Average household size | –0.07 | 0.53 |
| Transportation variables | ||
| Mean travel time to work | 0.15 | <0.01 |
| Households with no vehicle, % | 0.34 | <0.01 |
| Health care access variables | ||
| Without health insurance, % | 0.12 | <0.01 |
| Without usual source of health care, % | 0.37 | <0.01 |
a
The Social Deprivation Index is a composite measure of social and material deprivation encompassing education, housing, transportation, and poverty.
b
Households are considered linguistically isolated if all individuals ages 14 years and older in the household speak a language other than English and none speaks English well.