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. 2019 Mar 11;9:4094. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40751-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Predominance of purifying selection with evidence for localised release following gene duplication during the evolution of plant MAPKs. (A,B) Ka/Ks values were calculated for all pairwise combinations of the 48 algal MAPKs (Supplementary. Tables S1, S2). For visualisation, the average values of all pairwise combinations within each phylogenetic group combinations are presented for full-length sequences (A) and kinase domains. (B) Ka/Ks values below 1.0 indicate purifying selection. (C,D) Sliding window analysis of sequence divergence between two group D MAPKs in C. reinhardtii and V. carteri, representing a lineage-specific gene duplication event. For sliding window analysis, the full-length nucleotide sequences of the indicated orthologous MAPKs were used at 51-bp window size and 9-bp step size settings. The Ka/Ks plots are indicated by red lines.