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. 2019 Mar 12;9:4331. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-39982-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of frequently collected macrophytes and their state of decomposition (freshness). (a) Sargassum horneri caught in summer, which was still in good condition. (b) S. horneri with intact receptacles and leaves attached to the stem. (c) Old Sargassum caught from 450 m depth in autumn. (d) Fresh seagrass caught in spring, and most of the blades had still a green color. (e) Old seagrass caught in summer. (f) Laminaria japonica aggregation collected at a depth of 350 m in autumn. White scale bar = 10 cm. Black scale bar = 2 cm.