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. 2019 Mar 11;9:4029. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40335-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Representation of rivalry dynamics. Binocular rivalry can be represented by a double-well energy landscape. The orange ball determines the current percept. Binocular rivalry is thought to be driven by adaptation and noise. Adaptation changes the landscape, meaning one of the wells becomes less shallow. Noise (arrow) causes the percept to change more quickly when the boundary between the two wells is low. (b) Experimental outline. In Experiment 1 noise (zero-mean Gaussian random noise) was applied to the visual stimulus for 5 seconds followed by 5.5–7 seconds of no stimulation. The same noise was applied to the left and right eye. The noise intensity was subthreshold for each individual participant. Experiment 2 followed the same protocol, except that the noise was applied to the visual cortex directly with tRNS (zero-mean Gaussian random noise, 100–640 Hz).